Forskning visar att buller orsakar ohälsa för många medborgare både i Europa generellt, och i Sverige. De två viktigaste negativa hälsoeffekterna av buller är försämrad sömn och bullerstörning. Trafikbuller är den främsta orsaken till dessa effekter.

I denna studie användes enkäter samt data från bullerkartor för att undersöka bullerstörning från trafik. Av de 1168 personerna i urvalet deltog 678 personer. Deltagarna svarade på 39 frågor rörande: buller, hälsa, rekreationsbeteende, luftkvalitéupplevelse samt demografi.

Studiens första syfte var att undersöka bullerstörning från vägtrafik och spårtrafik, hos boende i Silverdal. Resultatet visade att de boende i Silverdal är mer störda av buller än genomsnittet i Sverige, men även jämfört med de beräknade störningsnivåerna från bullerkartorna. Faktorerna som starkast påverkade störning från vägtrafik var: upplevda vibrationer, den upplevda luftkvalitén hemma, utbildningsnivå, om sovrumsfönstret vette mot en lokalgata samt attityd till vägtrafik. Motsvarande faktorer för spårtrafik var: upplevda vibrationer, sovrumsfönster mot spår samt utbildningsnivå.

Studiens andra syfte undersökte upplevelse av rekreationsmöjligheter och rekreationsbeteende. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av deltagarna upplever mycket bra möjligheter till rekreation. Områden, nära hemmet, med natur samt med lägre nivåer av bullernivåer, var mest besökta.

Studiens tredje syfte var att undersöka hur boende i Silverdal upplevde luftkvalitén. Resultatet visar att utomhusluften är det som upplevs mest problematiskt, medan färre upplever inomhusluften som dålig.

Studien visar att många boende i Silverdal är störda av buller, både jämfört med nationella undersökningar, men även i relation till den beräknade bullerstörningsnivån från bullerkartor. Rekreationsmiljön i området upplevs som relativt god och lufkvalitén upplevs som ett relativt mindre problem jämfört med bullret. Utomhusmiljön är den miljö som upplevs som är mest problematiskt för boende. Bulleråtgärder utomhus längs bullerkällornas sträckning rekommenderas, dels eftersom de efterfrågas av de boende, del för att de  minskar bullret både utomhus och inomhus.

Deliberate fire-setting, such as the crime of arson, can have devastating, even lethal, consequences. This study compared factors at the time of arson by female and male offenders in Sweden between 2000–2010. The women (n = 100), and men (n = 100) included in this study were randomly chosen from among all individuals who had been convicted for arson during this period and who underwent forensic psychiatric investigations. Information regarding psychiatric and somatic characteristics, their psychosocial situation, and whether they were in contact with health or social services before the arsons were examined. The results showed that both women and men have complex psychiatric and somatic characteristics, as well as psychosocial situations. Women showed more self-destructive behaviour, lower Global Assessment of Functioning scores, and had been in contact with psychiatric health services to a greater extent than men. More women than men had children. These findings suggest that specific actions may be needed for preventing and treating women compared with men at risk for committing arson. 

Tid är ett universellt tema som berör oss alla. Forskning visar att det finns en mängd olika perspektiv att förstå, betrakta och uppleva tid och tempo på. Perspektiv som lyfts i denna studie är objektiv och subjektiv tid, närvaro och mindfulness, autonomi och anpassning, den omgivande miljön, där perception, naturen och stadsmiljöer lyfts, samt tid som struktur och resurs. Nämnda perspektiv är av vikt då syftet har varit att f​å en djupare förståelse för hur människor kognitivt, emotionellt och beteendemässigt kan förhålla sig till inre och yttre tempon. Inre tempon avser en individs inneboende tempo som exempelvis hjärtslag, kroppsrörelser, tankar och känslor. Yttre tempon avser den subjektiva upplevelsen av tempon som ligger utanför den egna kroppen. Dessa kan exempelvis vara andra människors tempon och tempon i olika miljöer. ​En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta respondenter har genomförts, vilken sedan har analyserats utifrån tematisk analys, i sex olika steg. Urvalet gjordes med hänsyn till kön, bostadsort, sysselsättning och ålder eftersom dessa antogs färga upplevelserna av inre och yttre tempo. Analysen av intervjumaterialet resulterade i sju slutliga teman, vilka är närvaro, autonomi och anpassning, olika tidsrum, effektivitet, stress, kris och tid som en resurs. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att upplevelser av sig själv, andra människor, platser och aktiviteter kan påverka upplevelsen av inre och yttre tempon. En tendens är att i miljöer som upplevs ha ett lugnare yttre tempo så möjliggörs närvaro med det egna inre tempot. Detta har även bidragit till möjligheten att möta andra människor med större närvaro. Att yttre tempon påverkar inre tempon har framträtt tydligare än motsatsen.

Stress is a common health problem among students, and individuals with a minority identity might also experience minority stress. Minority stress associated with skin color is a relatively unexplored topic in Sweden; thus this study aims to investigate a possible connection between students' skin color and their minority stress from a jobseeker's perspective. To investigate this, a digital survey consisting of 25 items was carried out. Participants (n=177)  were recruited through convenience sampling and categorized into three groups based on skin color (light, medium light/dark, dark). A one-way ANOVA was carried out to test the study's hypothesis that students with darker skin have a higher degree of minority stress prior to the job search process than students with lighter skin. The result showed a significant difference between the groups(F2,174=34.5, p<.001, 2= .275) and a post-hoc test (Tukey) showed significant differences between each group. The result was consistent with the study's hypothesis and previous research. Furthermore, this study concludes that minority stress can give rise to mental illness. Additionally, the study concludes that Meyer's American framework, which aims to measure minority stress in gay and bisexual individuals, can be applied in a Swedish context with racist stress factors. For further research, a more representative sample would be beneficial, as well as a broadened perspective by examining how schools and workplaces work to counter minority stress, which in turn could prevent mental illness.

The present study examines the effect of language experience on vocal emotion perception in a second language. Native speakers of French with varying levels of self-reported English ability were asked to identify emotions from vocal expressions produced by American actors in a forced-choice task, and to rate their pleasantness, power, alertness and intensity on continuous scales. Stimuli included emotionally expressive English speech (emotional prosody) and non-linguistic vocalizations (affect bursts), and a baseline condition with Swiss-French pseudo-speech. Results revealed effects of English ability on the recognition of emotions in English speech but not in non-linguistic vocalizations. Specifically, higher English ability was associated with less accurate identification of positive emotions, but not with the interpretation of negative emotions. Moreover, higher English ability was associated with lower ratings of pleasantness and power, again only for emotional prosody. This suggests that second language skills may sometimes interfere with emotion recognition from speech prosody, particularly for positive emotions.

A prolonged working life is crucial for sustaining social welfare and fiscal stability for countries facing ageing populations. The group of older adults is not homogeneous; however, differences within the group may affect the propensity to continue working and to participate in continuing education. The aim of this paper is to explore how participation in work and education vary with gender, age, and education level in a sample of older adults. The study was performed in Sweden, a context characterized by high female labour-market-participation rates and a high average retirement age. The participants were 232 members of four of the major senior citizens’ organizations. We found no differences in participation in work and education based on gender. People older than 75 years were found to be as active as people 65–75 years old in education, but the older group worked less. There were positive associations between education level and participation in both work and education. Hence, this study implies that socio-economic inequalities along these dimensions are widened later in life. This highlights the importance of engaging workers with lower education levels in educational efforts throughout life. It also emphasizes the need for true lifelong learning in society.

BACKGROUND: The ageing population has initiated a debate about a prolonged working life. There is an interest in finding the pre-retirement predictors of bridge employment and retirement decisions, but the understanding of the experiences of bridge employees is still limited.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the characteristics of the pensioners working for a staffing agency, their motivational aspects, work patterns and types of services they provided.

METHODS: This article analyses the results from a Swedish staffing agency's yearly co-worker questionnaire from December 2017. The response rate was 44% (N = 1741). The design is descriptive, with correlation analyses and construction of typical cases.

RESULTS: Most study participants were aged 65-74 years. Sixty-five percent were men, 66% were cohabitating/married, dominating education level was secondary school or higher education (79% ). Important incentives for working were the social context and to gain extra income. A majority of the respondents also stated that their work increased their overall well-being. Seventy-eight percent worked 25 hours per month or less, 37% wanted to work more, 3% wanted to work less. Private services dominated with 61% ; most common were gardening (43% ), trades (33%) and cleaning (31% ).

CONCLUSIONS: More men than women chose this form of work. While single women need to work out of economic necessity, men, to a larger extent, work for the social context and well-being. The highest work frequency in 2017 (14%) in the population was found for those who retired in 2015, i.e. two years after their retirement year. A majority indicated that the work they were doing was different from earlier in their working life.

År 2015 infördes det könsneutrala pronomenet hen i Svenska akademins ordlista efter en känslomässig allmän debatt om ordet, dess innebörd och möjliga konsekvenser. Hösten 2015 genomförde vi en större enkätundersökning som besvarades av 1308 personer registrerade i Enkätfabrikens deltagarpanel. Enkäten presenterades som en studie om attityder i aktuella frågor, till exempel attityder till jämställdhet och det svenska språket. Enkäten innehöll frågor om attityder till och användande av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Till exempel ställdes frågor om hur ofta och i vilka situationer hen används, och vad deltagaren tycker om ordet. I enkäten fanns också mer generella frågor om jämställdhet och språk.I den här rapporten beskrivs först hur språk och jämställdhet är relaterade till varandra och hur språk antas kunna påverka uppfattningar om kön. Vi beskriver också specifikt hur införandet av hen gick till. Efter det följer resultat från enkäten.Studien är en del av ett större projekt vars huvudsakliga syfte är att studera attityder till och kognitiva effekter av det könsneutrala pronomenet hen. Andra studier i projektet inkluderar experimentella laboratoriestudier med ögonrörelsemätningar, enkät-experiment samt en uppföljande enkät till denna, för att studera förändringar över tid. Projektet är ett samarbete mellan de psykologiska institutionerna vid Stockholms, Lunds och Göteborgs universitet och har sin hemvist vid Stockholms universitet.

This article seeks to investigate the nature of safety perceptions of train travellers, focusing on the experiences of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals of the environments of railway stations and the way to them. This study makes use of descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression with a dataset specially tailored from a safety survey collected in 2022 in Southern Sweden. Large variations of travellers' safety perceptions are found in relation to the time of day and across transit environments, regardless of gender or any other individual attributes or characteristics relating to their particular trips. Previous victimisation impacts safety for all groups, but travellers fear crimes that are not common in transit situations. Women are more likely to be fearful, but the most fearful of all are women who identify themselves as LGBTQI+ /other. Such a pattern is not found in men, who declare themselves to be the safest of all travellers. The implications of these results are explored both in terms of future research questions and practical implications.

This article aims to compare the pattern of responses obtained by a web-based and a paper-based survey used to investigate the transit safety of travellers in railway stations in Sweden. This aim is achieved by evaluating whether the response and the completion rates change as the surveys progress, assessing the effect of the survey mode on respondents' answers (after controlling for the surveys' internal consistency and differences in the samples), and the potential impact of the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions on the responses. To carry out the study, a sample of 500 responses was taken from each population and later compared using a series of statistical tests. Findings indicate that despite the surveys' high internal consistency, the prevalence of victimisation, fear of crime, and precautions detected in the web survey was higher than those found in the paper survey. The web survey shows a major drop just after the initial questions, while the paper survey shows a more stable pattern of responses, but was also affected by a single compulsory question that pushed the completion rate down. Finally, the order of alternatives in multiple-choice questions (fixed or random) did not affect the answers given by the respondents, providing a solid base for safety interventions in transit environments, regardless of survey mode. The article concludes by making suggestions for both research and practice.

Sexual harassment and other forms of transit crime are everyday occurrences for women and girls around the world. The absence of safety hampers the ability of numerous women to engage freely in school, employment, and public activities without being alert. This research explores women's safety experiences, particularly focusing on young women in diverse rural and urban environments. We utilized chi-square analysis and regression models to analyze data obtained from a survey distributed to railway passengers in 2022 across neighboring municipalities in southern central Sweden. Findings show that being young makes women more likely to be victimized. Although rural women feel safer than their urban counterparts, they are more often willing to take precautionary measures before taking a trip (e.g., more often traveling with someone in the evening or avoiding certain stations). These findings call for gender-age-sensitive mobility policies, taking into account the intersectionality of transit safety, and reflecting women's and girls' safety needs in particular rural contexts.

This study assesses patterns of victimisation and safety perceptions among passengers using railway stations across neighbouring municipalities in Sweden. Exploratory data analysis and logistic regression models underlie the methodology of the study, which shows that the geography of passengers' victimisation differs from the geographical patterns found for the perception of safety. Findings show that passengers' safety perceptions are more affected by the physical and social characteristics of transit environments than passengers' victimisation. Yet, for those who have reduced mobility, the station affects the likelihood of their being victimised. Lack of staff and poor maintenance of the station are two significant attributes associated with the lower levels of safety perceived by passengers as well as levels of crime and panhandling at both the station and on the way to it. Compared with all passengers, women, but in particular those who identify as LGBTQI+ /Non-binary/Other, run a higher likelihood of feeling less safe. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Studier om sambandet mellan journalisters självkänsla och deras arbetsprestation är ett outforskat område. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat mer kring andra variabler som begreppet självförtroende istället för självkänsla, eller andra yrken än journalistyrket. Denna studie fokuserar på självkänslan hos journalister och dess inverkan på deras arbetsprestation i dagens medielandskap. Studiens datainsamling skedde genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta verksamma journalister varav fem var kvinnor och tre var män mellan åldrarna 29-58 deltog i studien. Studiens empiri analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys i fem steg. Under analysen identifierades tre teman: 1) Självuppfattning, 2) Relationer och 3) Makt och utsatthet. Studiens resultat visar att självkänsla har en viktig roll för verksamma journalister och deras arbetsprestation. Journalister har en unik och viktig roll i ett samhälle som vill upprätthålla demokratiska värderingar som yttrandefrihet. Sambandet mellan journalisters självkänsla och arbetsprestation blir intressant att utforska då journalistik kan påverka människors bild av omvärlden. Självkänslan hos enskilda journalister kan vara en avgörande faktor för kvaliteten på journalistiken.

Hur den psykiska hälsan kan påverkas av användning av sociala medier är omdiskuterat och väl studerat. Forskning kring vilka faktorer som kan predicera vilket typ av innehåll och hur frekvent individer publicerar på sociala medier är dock, till författarnas vetskap, sparsamt undersökt. Därmed ämnade denna studie undersöka om publiceringsvanor på sociala medier kunde prediceras av beroende av sociala medier, självkänsla, tendenser till depression och digital ålder vilket motsvarar den tid individer haft ett konto på Instagram och/eller Facebook. Studiens data samlades in via en enkätundersökning där 268 individer deltog varav 207 var kvinnor och 61 var män. Den genomsnittliga digitala åldern var 12.59 år för kvinnor respektive 12.62 år för män. Den beroende variabeln publiceringsvanor delades i två faktorer; intern källa - publicering av bilder kopplat till den egna individen, exempelvis “selfies” och extern källa - publicering av inlägg från en extern källa, exempelvis innehåll av politisk karaktär. Resultatet visade att den starkaste och enda statistiskt signifikanta prediktorn för intern källa var beroende av sociala medier. Detta innebär att ju högre grad av beroende av sociala medier, desto mer frekvent publicerar individen inlägg på sociala medier i form av t. ex bilder på sig själv och närstående. Slutsatsen för denna studie är att beroende av sociala medier har betydelse för vad individer publicerar för typ av innehåll på sociala medier. Vidare forskning krävs för att mer djupgående identifiera riskbeteenden och mönster genom publiceringsvanor, för att möjligen kunna förebygga beroende av sociala medier. 

Although often measured on a single right-left (or conservative-liberal) continuum, individual political orientation can be conceptualized as consisting of at least two orthogonal dimensions. The first is acceptance vs. rejection of social change, and the second is acceptance vs. rejection of inequality. We propose a theoretical model where the former dimension is represented as acceptance vs. avoidance of uncertainty, and the latter dimension is represented as tough mindedness vs. empathy. The former axis corresponds to the conservation vs. openness to change dimension in the Schwartz's (1992) value model; the latter axis corresponds to the self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence dimension. Two secondary axes represent the possible combinations of the variables defining the primary axes. Tough mindedness in combination with uncertainty avoidance result in high system justification, whereas empathy in combination with uncertainty acceptance represents low system justification. This axis corresponds to the self-protection vs. growth dimension of the refined Schwartz et al. (2011) value model. Tough mindedness in combination with uncertainty acceptance results in preference for self-reliance, whereas the opposite combination represents preference for dependence on others. This axis corresponds to the personal vs. social focus of the Schwartz et al. (2011) value model. Participants (N = 287) completed both one-dimensional and two-dimensional measures of political orientation, measures of social dominance orientation, right wing authoritarianism, system justification, need for cognitive closure, moral motives, values, dependence on others, and a number of political attitude measures. Multidimensional scaling supported the proposed model. The results show that the network of political beliefs and attitudes that represents individual political orientation can be largely reduced to the basic psychological variables of uncertainty avoidance and tough-mindedness, and that both dimensions of political orientation are separable not only theoretically, but also empirically. Our findings call for using two-dimensional measures of political orientation instead of one-dimensional measures (even in cultural contexts where both dimensions are highly correlated), because each dimension can be used to predict its own set of political beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

This study examines in detail the psychological variables underlying ideological political orientation, and structure and contents of this orientation, in Sweden and Latvia. Individual political orientation is conceptualized on two dimensions: acceptance vs. rejection of social change and acceptance vs. rejection of inequality. Swedish (N = 320) and Latvian (N = 264) participants completed measures of political orientation, Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), self vs. other orientation, tolerance for ambiguity, humanism and normativism, core political values, system justification, as well as moral foundations questionnaire and portrait values questionnaire. The results showed that the relation among the measured variables was similar in both samples. Swedish participants showed stronger endorsement of egalitarian attitudes and social values, whereas we found more self-enhancing and socially conservative values and attitudes among the Latvian participants.

This study tests a theoretical model where the social dimension of political orientation (acceptance vs. rejection of social change) is represented as acceptance vs. avoidance of uncertainty, and the economic dimension (acceptance vs. rejection of inequality) is represented as tough mindedness vs. empathy. The former axis corresponds to the conservation-openness to change dimension in the Schwartz's (1992) value model; the latter axis corresponds to the self-enhancement vs. self-transcendence dimension. {Schwartz, 1992 #322}Two secondary axes represent the possible combinations of the variables defining the primary axes. Tough mindedness in combination with uncertainty avoidance result in high system justification, whereas empathy in combination with uncertainty acceptance represents low system justification. This axis corresponds to the growth vs. self-protection dimension of the refined Schwartz et al. (2011) value model. Tough mindedness in combination with uncertainty acceptance results in preference for self-reliance, whereas the opposite combination represents preference for dependence on others. This axis corresponds to the social vs. personal focus of the Schwartz et al. (2011) value model. Participants (N = 287) completed measures of SDO, RWA, system justification, NFC, moral motives, values, dependence, and a number of political attitude measures. Multidimensional scaling supported the proposed model. The results show that the network of political beliefs and attitudes that represents individual political orientation can be largely reduced to the basic psychological variables of uncertainty avoidance and tough-mindedness, and that both dimensions of political orientation are separable, both theoretically and empirically. The model allows a deeper analysis of individual political orientation beyond a simple liberal-conservative division.

Background: Physicians have an elevated risk of experiencing suicidal thoughts, which might be due to work-related factors. However, the hierarchical work positions as well as work-related health differ among resident and specialist physicians. As such, the correlates of suicide ideation may also vary between these two groups. Methods: In the present study, work- and health-related factors and their association with suicidal thoughts among residents (n=234) and specialists (n=813) working at a university hospital were examined using cross-sectional data. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that having supportive meetings was associated with a lower level of suicide ideation among specialists (OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94), while an empowering leadership was related to a lower level of suicide ideation among residents (OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.94). Having been harassed at work was associated with suicidal ideation among specialists (OR=2.26, 95% CI: 1.31-3.91). In addition, sickness presenteeism and work disengagement were associated with suicide ideation in both groups of physicians. Conclusions: These findings suggest that different workplace interventions are needed to prevent suicide ideation in residents and specialists.

This study described health factors of importance for everyday health, such as pain, tiredness, and sleeping problems, in a cross-national context. Data for persons 60+ years were obtained from the Poverty and Health in Aging study, Bangladesh, and the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care-Blekinge. The strongest associations with everyday health in Sweden were found for pain and tiredness, while in Bangladesh they were financial status, tiredness, and sleeping problems. As similarities were found regarding the associations of tiredness on everyday health, tiredness may be a universal predictor of everyday health in older adults irrespective of country context.

Studies have shown that persons with schizophrenia have lower accuracy in emotion recognition compared to persons without schizophrenia. However, the impact of the complexity level of the stimuli or the modality of presentation has not been extensively addressed. Forty three persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 43 healthy controls, matched for age and gender, were administered tests assessing emotion recognition from stimuli with low and high levels of complexity presented via visual, auditory and semantic channels. For both groups, recognition rates were higher for high-complexity stimuli compared to low-complexity stimuli. Additionally, both groups obtained higher recognition rates for visual and semantic stimuli than for auditory stimuli, but persons with schizophrenia obtained lower accuracy than persons in the control group for all presentation modalities. Persons diagnosed with schizophrenia did not present a level of complexity specific deficit or modality-specific deficit compared to healthy controls. Results suggest that emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia are beyond level of complexity of stimuli and modality, and present a global difficulty in cognitive functioning.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to develop a functional aging index (FAI) that taps four body systems: sensory (vision and hearing), pulmonary, strength (grip strength), and movement/balance (gait speed) and to test the predictive value of FAI for entry into care and mortality.

METHOD: Growth curve models and cox regression models were applied to data from 1695 individuals from three Swedish longitudinal studies of aging. Participants were aged 45 to 93 at intake and data from up to 8 follow-up waves were available.

RESULTS: The rate of change in FAI was twice as fast after age 75 as before, women demonstrated higher mean FAI, but no sex differences in rates of change with chronological age were identified. FAI predicted entry into care and mortality, even when chronological age and a frailty index were included in the models. Hazard ratios indicated FAI was a more important predictor of entry into care for men than women; whereas it was a stronger predictor of mortality for men than women.

CONCLUSIONS: Measures of biological aging and functional aging differ in their predictive value for entry into care and mortality for men and women, suggesting that both are necessary for a complete picture of the aging process across genders.

Three studies demonstrated the expression of gender stereotypes in linguistic behavior. In Study 1, participants composed sentences describing a person by freely choosing from female- or male-dominated occupations, female or male pronouns, and communal or agentic traits. In Study 2a, participants chose traits to describe a person identified by a female- or male-dominated occupation and in Study 2b by a female or male pronoun and noun. In Study 3, participants chose traits for a person identified by both a female- or male-dominated occupation and a female or male pronoun. In general, participants chose more communal and fewer agentic traits for sentences containing a female- (vs. male-) dominated occupation and a female (vs. male) pronoun or noun. However, participants described women and men in the same occupation as similarly agentic or communal, demonstrating the primacy of role over sex information as predicted by social role theory.

According to Social Role Theory gender stereotypes are dynamic constructs influenced by actual and perceived changes in which roles women and men occupy (Wood & Eagly, 2011). Sweden is ranked as one of the most gender equal countries in the world, with a strong national equality discourse, and a relatively high number of men engaging in traditionally communal roles such as parenting and domestic tasks. This would imply a change towards higher communion among men. Therefore, we investigated the dynamics of gender stereotype content in Sweden with a primary interest in the male stereotype and perceptions of gender equality. In Study 1, participants (N = 323) estimated descriptive stereotype content of women and men in Sweden in the past, present or future. They also estimated gender distribution in occupations and domestic roles for each time-point. Results showed that the female stereotype increased in agentic traits from the past to the present, while the male stereotype had not changed. Furthermore, participants estimated no change for the future, and they overestimated how often women and men occupy gender nontraditional roles at present times. In Study 2, we controlled for participants’ actual knowledge about role change by either describing women’s change in agentic roles, or men’s change in communal roles (and a control). Participants (N = 648) were randomised to the three different conditions. Overall, the female stereotype increased in masculine traits, and this change was mediated by perceptions of social role occupation. The male stereotype did not change in femininity but decreased in masculinity when change focused on women’s role change in agentic roles. These results indicate that role change among women also influence perceptions of the male stereotype. Altogether, the results indicate that positive femininity is harder for men to gain, in that the only difference in gender stereotypes at present times occurred for this dimension.

Background and aims Pain is a prevalent problem in many countries. Women are more often on sick-leave for pain than men. Such gender differences have been explained through biological factors, different demands for on the job market, and home conditions. Fewer studies have focused on how gender stereotypes may bias the medical assessment of pain patients. The aim of the present research was to investigate if a gender bias in medical students' evaluations of chronic pain patients can contribute to explaining the gender differences in sick-leave due to pain. Specifically, we investigated whether medical students' estimates of a patient's accuracy of their own work ability and amount of domestic work differed between female and male patients, and how such estimates influenced the medical students' judgments of the patient's work ability. Methods Medical students (n=137; 60 women; 74 men; three unspecified) read a vignette describing a patient with pain and filled out a questionnaire. The vignette was identical and gender neutral, except for the name of the patient signaling gender. A between-subjects experimental design was used in which participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition. Participants then judged the patient's work ability, the accuracy of the patient's self-assessed work ability, and the amount of domestic work they believed was performed by the patient. All ratings were made on seven-point items. Results The results showed that there was no main effect of gender on perceived future work ability of the patient, F (1,131)=0.867, p=0.353. However, male patients were considered to be more accurate in their self-assessed work ability than female patients F (1,131)=5.925 p=0.016 (Mfemale=4.87, SDfemale=1.22, and Mmale=5.33, SDmale=1.02). Moreover, female patients were thought to perform more domestic work, F (1,131)=25.56, p<0.001 (Mfemale=4.14, SDfemale=1.41, and Mmale=3.07, SDmale=1.16). Finally, perceived amount of domestic work moderated the effects of perceived future work ability for female but not for male patients, B=0.42, p=0.005. Hence, there was a positive effect of amount of domestic work performed on work ability judgments for women, such that the more domestic work they were assumed to perform, the more they were perceived to be able to work. Conclusions Gender stereotypes influenced assessments of future work ability in pain patients, mainly because women were assumed to perform more domestic work which had a positive effect on perceived work ability. Because domestic work should have a negative effect on recovery, expectations from the physician that domestic work is expected by female patients may in fact have the opposite effect prolonging sick-leave. Moreover, the students trusted the male patients' ability to assess their own work capacity more than women's. Implications It is important that medical students receive education about gender biases and how they may influence medical assessment during their training. Such education may alleviate the influence of gender stereotypes.

Semantic analyses are potentially important, but underutilized, tools to study social psychology. This chapter focuses on how semantic analysis, using personal pronouns, can be used to study important phenomena in social psychology. Personal pronouns can be used as proxies for social categories, and the semantic contexts associated to these pronouns can be used to study stereotypes and how groups are evaluated (Gustafsson Sendén, M., Personal pronouns in evaluative communication. Stockholm University, Stockholm, 2014; Pennebaker, J. W., The secret life of pronouns: What our words say about us. Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY, 2011). In this chapter, we exemplify this within three well-known social psychology phenomena; gender stereotypes, self-bias, and group-serving bias. The semantic analyses target both content and evaluations of these social categories.

The #metoo movement can serve as a case for how networked online environments can provide settings for the mobilization of social movements, while also entail serious risks for those involved. In Sweden, over hundred thousand people were engaged in activities against sexual harassments and abuse, where social media were used to collect testimonies and to draft and discuss petitions that were later published in print news media. While HCI research on trust focus on how people trust technical systems, the authorities behind the system, or the user generated data, trust between peers in vulnerable communities is less researched. In this study, based on semi-structured interviews and a survey that involved 62 organizers of the Swedish #metoo movement, we therefore look into the question of how a secure and supportive environment was achieved among participants despite the scale of the activism. The result shows how trust was aggregated over networks of technical systems, institutions, people, shared values and practices. The organizers of the petitions used tools and channels at their disposal such as e.g. already established social media contexts that enabled the #metoo petitions to be formed easily and spread quickly. Establishing a supportive culture based on recognition and shared values was central for the movement. However, when the activism was scaled up, strategies were used to increase security by clarifying rules and roles, limiting access to information, restricting access to groups, and limiting the scope of communication.

Net activism shows how easily available tools allow the organization of social movements to be scaled up and extended globally. These media ecologies enable new forms of power. This one-day workshop gathers researchers focusing on the collaborative efforts within social movements, looking into the socio-technical systems; the organization of activism; the relations between traditional and social media; and the complex network of systems, information, people, values, theories, histories, ideologies and aesthetics underlying various types of activism. The workshop consists of brainstorming sessions where we materialize the intangible and develop our theories and ideas further through a collaborative design process.

Lay intuition suggests that some people are better than others at strategic social interaction. Nonetheless, identifying reliable predictors of individual differences in negotiation performance has been difficult. In this investigation, we hypothesized that an individuals' skill in understanding the structure of socially interdependent situations, and in best responding to others' likely behavior in such situations, should predict their negotiation performance. We adapted existing and novel social guessing games to measure such skills. In a series of studies with students and business executives in Russia and Sweden, performance in the guessing games predicted better individual outcomes and better joint outcomes in dyadic negotiations. Guessing-game performance remained predictive of both outcomes after proxies for general mental ability were controlled for. Potential applications to larger-scale phenomena are discussed.

Ambivalent sexism is a two-dimensional framework that assesses sexist and misogynous attitudes. The current corpus of research on such attitudes suggest that they are predicted by numerous variables, including religious beliefs, ideological variables, and men's facial hair. Most studies, however, have treated such predictors as if they are independent – inferring that zero-order correlations between sexism and its predictors are not confounded by omitted third variables. In the current work, we address ambivalent sexism using a large array of known correlates of sexist attitudes in two large and demographically diverse samples. We show that low empathic concern is the primary driver of hostile-, but not benevolent sexism (Study 1); that social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, religiosity, and low Openness and Agreeableness differentially predict ambivalent sexism (Study 2); along with male gender and low education level (Study 1 and 2). Contradicting an earlier finding, men's facial hair was not correlated with hostile sexism in either studies and a short full beard predicted lower scores on benevolent sexism in Study 2. Thus, we replicated the main findings from most previous research except for men's facial hair, and we also show the paths through which predictors of sexist attitudes exert their effects.

The interest in boundaries between work and personal life has become more invigorated since the Covid-19 pandemic, where many people had to work from home which potentially blurred the lines between work and family life. This technological development which made working from home during the pandemic possible is not likely to stagnate. Therefore it is of importance to investigate boundaries and what other factors can possibly affect them further. One such factor being control and the belief that one does or does not have it. The aim of this study was to look for a relationship between Boundary Strength at Home (BSH) and Work Locus of Control (WLOC) with demographic variables such as age and gender. This was researched through a survey sent to different work related forums using a mix of snowball and convenience sample (n=153). The results did not support there being a relationship between BSH and WLOC. Although, the results did show an interaction effect between WLOC and age in relation to BSH. It is unclear why this interaction effect manifested but it suggests that age is not as trivial of a factor as first thought. Therefore we encourage further research into the relationship between age, WLOC and boundary management.

Studies suggest that hourly digital screen time increases adolescents' depressive symptoms and emotional regulation difficulties. However, causal mechanisms behind such associations remain unclear. We hypothesized that problem-focused and/or emotion-focused engagement coping moderates and possibly mediates this association over time. Questionnaire data were collected in three waves from a representative sample of Swedish adolescents (0, 3 and 12 months; n = 4793; 51% boys; 99% aged 13-15). Generalized Estimating Equations estimated the main effects and moderation effects, and structural regression estimated the mediation pathways. The results showed that problem-focused coping had a main effect on future depression (b = 0.030; p < 0.001) and moderated the effect of screen time (b = 0.009; p < 0.01). The effect size of this moderation was maximum 3.4 BDI-II scores. The mediation results corroborated the finding that future depression was only indirectly correlated with baseline screen time, conditional upon intermittent problem-coping interference (C'-path: Std. beta = 0.001; p = 0.018). The data did not support direct effects, emotion-focused coping effects, or reversed causality. We conclude that hourly screen time can increase depressive symptoms in adolescent populations through interferences with problem-focused coping and other emotional regulation behaviors. Preventive programs could target coping interferences to improve public health. We discuss psychological models of why screen time may interfere with coping, including displacement effects and echo chamber phenomena.

Sverige har en segregerad arbetsmarknad och det finns en skillnad i vilka yrken män och kvinnor väljer att arbeta inom. Språket kan vara en källa till detta och kommunala och agentiska adjektiv har visat sig finnas i jobbannonser. Föreliggande studie undersökte betydelsen av språkbruk i organisationsbeskrivningar, mer specifikt om kvinnor och män bedömer organisationsbeskrivningar olika beroende på om de läst en agentisk eller kommunal organisationsbeskrivning. De beroende variabler som testades var organisationens attraktivitet, känsla av samhörighet, upplevd jämställdhet, liksom skattning av andelen kvinnor och män inom organisationen. 138 deltagare deltog i studien, varav 75 definierade sig med pronomen hon och 63 definierade sig med pronomen han. Deltagarna deltog genom att besvara och fullfölja en internetbaserad enkät. Signifikanta resultat uppstod och ett av huvudfynden visade att kommunala texter aktiverade högre samhörighet, men det gällde för både män och kvinnor. Ett annat huvudfynd var att män upplevde större jämställdhet, i både den kommunala och agentiska organisationsbeskrivningen, än vad kvinnor gjorde. Resultaten i sin helhet visade att kvinnor och män till viss del skattar texter olika och att språkbruk kan få konsekvenser för hur organisationen upplevs. Framtida studier bör fokusera på språket ur ett intersektionellt perspektiv, detta så att fler individer inkluderas i jämställdhetsarbetet. 

This paper investigates noise annoyance from wind turbines of different sizes and in different acoustic surroundings. A listening test was conducted where wind turbine noises were rated alone and together with background sounds from a deciduous forest, a busy city and road traffic. A magnitude production procedure was implemented which showed high correlation between repeated measurements and the results were analysed using A-weighted sound levels, signal-to-noise ratios and time varying loudness and partial loudness. Ratings for wind turbine sound heard alone showed no coherent statistically significant differences between wind turbine types, neither for A-weighted sound levels nor loudness. The masking test indicate that road traffic noise is a superior masker compared to forest sound. However, these effects where only statistically significant at low sound levels, below the range 35–45 dB(A), where noise guidelines for wind turbine noise usually are stipulated.

Sveriges har en könssegregerade arbetsmarknad där kvinnor och män arbetar inom olika yrken och branscher. Enligt tidigare studier innehåller jobbannonser flera agentiska (manliga) adjektiv och färre kommunala (kvinnliga) vilket påverkar kvinnors uppfattning av organisationer negativt och delvis bidrar till att kvinnor fortsätter söka sig till kvinnodominerade yrken. Kvinnor har dessutom tidigare visat lägre tilltro till sin förmåga (self- efficacy) generellt, i karriären och för stereotypiskt manliga yrken, jämfört med stereotypiskt kvinnliga. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur könsstereotypiskt språk (agentiskt och kommunalt) påverkar kvinnor och mäns uppfattning av en organisation vad gäller attraktivitet och samhörighet. Studien syftade även till att jämföra nivåer av self-efficacy i ett försök att förstå varför effekterna av språk tidigare varit större för kvinnor än män. Deltagarna (n=170, varav 155 identifierade sig som ’hon’ och 55 som ’han’) randomiserades att läsa en av två betingelser i form av organisationsbeskrivningar via en webbenkät. Huvudfynden i studien visade att kommunalt språk hade positiva effekter och att agentiskt språk hade negativa effekter vad gäller organisationens attraktivitet och förväntad samhörighet, både för kvinnor och män. För mäns del motsäger det tidigare studiers resultat. Ytterligare huvudfynd visade att kvinnor hade lägre self- efficacy för stereotypiskt manliga yrken (STEM) jämfört med män. Resultaten i studien belyser språkets betydelse för att attrahera kvinnor till stereotypiskt manliga yrken och vikten av att stärka kvinnors self-efficacy för stereotypiskt manliga yrken för att motverka en könssegregerad arbetsmarknad. Framtida studier föreslås inkludera icke-binära samt queerpersoner för ytterligare inkludering samt undersöka self-efficacy som medierande variabel för attraktivitet och samhörighet.

Denna studie undersöker om vilka olika personlighetsdrag hos studenter som har ett samband med akademisk oärlighet. Studien delar upp akademisk oärlighet i följande fem kategorier: plagiering, fusk under tentamen, otillåten hjälp, oetiskt samarbete och manipulering av inlämningsarbeten. Datainsamlingen genomfördes via en enkät med 48 frågor genom ett bekvämlighetsurval, antalet studenter som deltog var 324, varav 240 kvinnor och 80 män och 4 valde att inte ange kön. En korrelationsanalys och regressionsanalys genomfördes för att undersöka sambanden mellan variablerna personlighetsdrag i relation till akademisk oärlighet. Den multipla regressionsanalysen visade ett signifikant samband mellan akademisk oärlighet och personlighetsdragen oärlighet, öppenhet och ålder. Oärlighet visade sig vara starkast prediktor till akademisk oärlighet, vilket tyder på att högre nivåer i oärlighet tenderar att öka risken för akademiskt oärligt beteende. Studiens slutsats är att personlighetsdragen oärlighet och öppenhet, samt ålder visar ett signifikant samband i relation till akademisk oärlighet. 

Studies have continuously shown that fewer women than men achieve leadership positions in academic medicine. In the current study we explored gender differences in clinical position among academic physicians at three university hospitals, each in a different European country. These countries, Sweden, the Netherlands and Austria, differ in terms of gender equality. We analyzed whether the number of children, working hours or publications could explain gender differences in physicians' clinical position. In this cross-sectional questionnaire study 1333 (54% female) physicians participated. Physicians were asked about their gender, age, number of children, working hours and clinical position. We used structural equation models to explore the influence of gender on the physicians' clinical position in each of the three countries. We explored whether the association between gender and clinical position could be explained by number of children, working hours or publication activity. The analyses revealed that at all three university hospitals gender influenced clinical position. These gender differences in clinical position could be partly explained by gender differences in publication activity. Female physicians as compared to male physicians were likely to publish fewer articles, and in turn these lower publication numbers were associated with lower clinical positions. The number of children or working hours did not explain gender differences in publication activity or clinical position. Therefore, factors other than unequal allocation of household labor, such as the academic working environment, may still disproportionately disadvantage women's progress, even at universities in countries with high rates of gender equality such as Sweden.

Tidigare forskning visar att homosexuella män är mer missnöjda med sin kropp än heterosexuella, medan homosexuella kvinnor är mindre missnöjda med sin kropp än heterosexuella kvinnor. Då forskning på hbtq-personers hälsa till största del gjorts i Amerika finns det en kunskapslucka när det gäller hälsa hos hbtq-personer i Sverige. Studien undersöker om homo- och bisexuella män har en mer negativ kroppsuppfattning än homo- och bisexuella kvinnor och de som angivit sitt kön som annat, om homosexuella personer har en mer negativ kroppsuppfattning än bisexuella, om det finns en interaktionseffekt mellan kön och sexuell läggning i fråga om kroppsuppfattning hos homo- och bisexuella personer, och om det finns en korrelation mellan självkänsla och kroppsuppfattning hos homo- och bisexuella personer. 570 personer, varav 147 män, 386 kvinnor och 35 annat kön, svarade på enkäten vars länk delats i fyra olika hbtq-grupper på Facebook, samt på författarens egen facebooksida. Skalorna som mätts är Body Image Self-Efficacy, Body Shape Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, samt Body Shape Dissatisfaction med hjälp av Figure Rating Scale. Alla skalorna uppmätte en mycket god reliabilitet. Undersökningen fann en signifikant huvudeffekt av sexuell läggning på Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale och en signifikant positiv korrelation mellan Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale och Body Image Self-Efficacy, samt signifikant negativ korrelation med Body Shape Questionnaire och Body Shape Dissatisfaction. De olika indikationerna av kroppsuppfattning korre- lerade även starkt med varandra. De förväntade skillnaderna mellan könen och mellan homo- och bisexuella personer fanns inte, vilket möjligtvis kan förklaras med att män och kvinnor i det svenska hbtq-communityt är mer lika än olika.

Tidigare studier har visat att det finns köns- och generationsskillnader gällande attityder till sexuella övergrepp. De har också visat att flera andra faktorer påverkar, bland annat viljan att se världen som rättvis och våldtäktsmyter. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur attityder gentemot sexuella övergrepp upplevs ha förändrats efter #metoo. Frågeställningen är: Upplevs attityder gentemot sexuella övergrepp ha förändrats efter metoo, och i så fall hur? Sexuella övergrepp är ett utbrett problem som tidigare varit tabu att prata om och det är därför intressant att se om uppropet har gjort en skillnad. Ämnet ansågs särskilt intressant eftersom det är viktigt att veta hur uppropet har fått för reaktioner för att kunna lägga upp fortsatt arbete med att upplysa om sexuella övergrepp. Eftersom ämnet tidigare är outforskat är studien explorativ. En kvalitativ studie med 11 semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts och intervjusvaren har sedan analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Deltagarna bestod av fem män, fem kvinnor och en icke-binär person och var mellan 20 och 70 år. Fyra teman framkom, ökad kunskap och förståelse, distansering, förflyttande av skam och omdefiniering av tidigare upplevelser. Resultatet visade att det finns en större medvetenhet hos deltagarna om sexuella övergrepp och att deras syn på problemet har förändrats. Åsikterna hos deltagarna var polariserade och det fanns köns- och generationsskillnader. En svaghet för studien var att den endast bygger på de 11 deltagarnas egna teorier om sina egna och andras attitydförändringar. För framtida studier föreslås att göra en kvantitativ undersökning för att se om resultaten från denna studie går att generalisera.

Different strategies of gender-fair language have been applied to reduce a male bias, which means the implicit belief that a word describing an undefined person describes a man. This male bias might be caused by the words themselves in terms of generic masculine or masculine forms or by androcentrism (the conflation of men with humanity). In two experiments, we tested how different gender-fair strategies used as labels of an unknown social target (an applicant in a recruitment situation) could eliminate the male bias. The three types of gender-fair strategies tested were: (a) paired forms (he/she), (b) traditional neutral words (e.g., singular they, “the applicant”), or (c) gender-neutral third-person pronouns actively created to challenge the binary gender system (ze, Swedish hen). The two experiments were performed in Swedish with 417 undergraduates in Sweden and in English with 411 U.S. participants recruited online. In Swedish, the third-person gender-neutral pronoun singular (hen) was used. In English, several forms of such gender-neutral pronouns have been suggested (e.g., ze). In both experiments, results indicated that paired forms and actively created gender-neutral pronouns eliminated the male bias, whereas traditional neutral words contained a male bias. Thus, gender-fair language strategies should avoid using traditional words. Consequences of using paired forms and creating new gender-neutral words are discussed. We argue that an actively created gender-neutral pronoun is of highest value because it is more inclusive. © 2018, The Author(s).

Fifty-one university college students were presented with 10 political proposals, recently advanced in Sweden. For each participant, each of the 10 proposals  was described as being implemented in the near future and in a more distant future. The participants were asked to judge the proposals in terms of their favorability, desirability, and feasibility. In line with Construal Level Theory (CLT, Trope & Liberman, 2010), it was found that feasibility better predicted favorability of close future proposals (as compared to temporally distant proposals) whereas the opposite pattern was found for desirability.  Also in line with CLT, correlational data suggested that participants to a larger extent as compared to the near future tailored their representations of the distant future such that feasibility co-varied positively with the desirability of a proposal, suggesting an optimism bias. Presumably, this was possible because feasibility is less concrete and more malleable for more distant events.

Forskning om luktsinnesförändringar och hur det påverkar individers liv är aktuellt med den ökade prevalensen av luktproblem efter Covid-19. Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskap om individer som upplever ett förändrat luktsinnei sin vardag. För att undersöka detta användes mixade metoder. Den kvantitativadelen undersökte sambandet mellan individers luktsinnesförändring (Anosmi,Hyposmi, Fantosmi och Parosmi) och deras upplevda livskvalité, då det tidigareinte är undersökt. Sambandet undersöktes genom att statistiskt analysera enenkätundersökning som mätte individernas luktrelaterade livskvalité. Totalt deltog 61 individer med luktsinnesförändring, varav 3 deltagare var män och 58 var kvinnor. Resultatet visade inga signifikanta skillnader mellan luktsinnesförändringar och livskvaliteten. Däremot sågs signifikanta skillnader för påverkansområderna “Mat” samt “Socialt umgänge” mellan några av lukttyperna. Slutsatsen från denna del är att det kan vara av värde att fortsättningsvis dela uppluktsinnesförändringar i de olika lukttyperna vid fortsatt forskning. Den kvalitativa delen undersökte hur individer med Parosmi upplever att deras vardag har påverkats med fokus på det sociala. Detta analyserades med tematisk analys utifrån intervjuer med sex kvinnliga deltagare. Resultatet visade tre huvudteman som var “Svårt att delta i sociala sammanhang”, “Få förstår lidandet” och “Kämpar vidare”. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att det finnas ett värde i att organisera stödgrupper för drabbade individer då det sågs som stärkande att höra om andras historier vid svåra stunder då det saknas en botande behandling för tillståndet idag, även om luktträning har viss effekt.

Background: eHealth systems have been increasingly used to manage depressive symptoms in patients with somatic illnesses. However, understanding the factors that drive their use, particularly among patients with breast and prostate cancer, remains a critical area of research.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the factors influencing use of the NEVERMIND eHealth system among patients with breast and prostate cancer over 12 weeks, with a focus on the Technology Acceptance Model.

Methods: Data from the NEVERMIND trial, which included 129 patients with breast and prostate cancer, were retrieved. At baseline, participants completed questionnaires detailing demographic data and measuring depressive and stress symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory–II and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21, respectively. Over a 12-week period, patients engaged with the NEVERMIND system, with follow-up questionnaires administered at 4 weeks and after 12 weeks assessing the system’s perceived ease of use and usefulness. Use log data were collected at the 2- and 12-week marks. The relationships among sex, education, baseline depressive and stress symptoms, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness (PU), and system use at various stages were examined using Bayesian structural equation modeling in a path analysis, a technique that differs from traditional frequentist methods.

Results: The path analysis was conducted among 100 patients with breast and prostate cancer, with 66% (n=66) being female and 81% (n=81) having a college education. Patients reported good mental health scores, with low levels of depression and stress at baseline. System use was approximately 6 days in the initial 2 weeks and 45 days over the 12-week study period. The results revealed that PU was the strongest predictor of system use at 12 weeks (βuse at 12 weeks is predicted by PU at 12 weeks=.384), whereas system use at 2 weeks moderately predicted system use at 12 weeks (βuse at 12 weeks is predicted by use at 2 weeks=.239). Notably, there were uncertain associations between baseline variables (education, sex, and mental health symptoms) and system use at 2 weeks, indicating a need for better predictors for early system use.

Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of PU and early engagement in patient engagement with eHealth systems such as NEVERMIND. This suggests that, in general eHealth implementations, caregivers should educate patients about the benefits and functionalities of such systems, thus enhancing their understanding of potential health impacts. Concentrating resources on promoting early engagement is also essential given its influence on sustained use. Further research is necessary to clarify the remaining uncertainties, enabling us to refine our strategies and maximize the benefits of eHealth systems in health care settings.

Four studies developed and validated two dictionaries to capture agentic and communal expressions in natural language. Their development followed the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) approach (Study 1) and we tested their validity with frequency-based analyses and semantic similarity measures. The newly developed Agency and Communion dictionaries were aligned with LIWC categories related to agency and communion (Study 2), and corresponded with subjective ratings (Study 3), confirming their convergent validity. Very low or absent correspondence between proposed dictionaries and unrelated LIWC categories demonstrated their discriminant validity (Study 2). Finally, we applied both dictionaries to language used in advertisements. In correspondence to gender stereotypes, male-dominated jobs were advertised with more agentic than communal words, and female-dominated jobs with more communal than agentic words (Study 4). Both dictionaries represent reliable tools for quantifying agentic and communal content in natural language, and will improve and facilitate future research on agency and communion.