This study investigates the risk and protective factors influencing the involvement of children and young people in gang-related criminality in disadvantaged areas. It also explores the challenges faced by professionals within social services and the police in preventive work. Interviews with two police officers and two social workers indicate that school failure is often a key risk factor. Using ecological systems theory and labeling theory, the study analyzes how social environments and societal responses shape youth development. These theoretical frameworks highlight the interplay between individuals, families, schools, and broader society, as well as how negative labeling can reinforce marginalization and criminal identity.

Findings show that the need for belonging and recognition, combined with the influence of social media, often contributes to the recruitment of youth into criminal networks. Protective factors such as stable adult relationships, academic success, and meaningful leisure activities are essential in prevention. Effective collaboration between social services, the police, schools, and families is crucial, though hindered by limited resources and unclear responsibilities.