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The Government Used to Hide the Truth, But Now We Can Speak: Contemporary Esotericism in Ukraine 1986–2014
Södertörn University, School of Historical and Contemporary Studies, The Study of Religions. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Baltic & East European Graduate School (BEEGS).
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)Alternative title
Regeringen brukade dölja sanningen, men nu kan vi tala öppet : Esoterism i Ukraina 1986–2014 (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991, marked the end of what has been called the most extensive sociological experiment in history. Newly formed post-Soviet states found themselves in a state of total anomie—a society-wide collapse of social norms. As one of its effects, a tidal wave of esoteric currents and magical practices emerged immediately after the Soviet Union’s dissolution and remained prominent in post-Soviet societies until approximately the early 2000s. This volume explores how practitioners of esotericism navigated Ukraine from 1986 to 2014 by analyzing the content of esoteric publications produced in Ukraine, their geography of publication, and supplementary texts from other post-Soviet countries. It demonstrates that two discrete groups of practitioners can be identified, and that their strategies of self-presentation depended on the broader class relationships formed in the Soviet period. The first group, termed “working class esotericists”, was the product of the Soviet program to produce a large number of technical experts on a very limited time frame. The second group, termed “intellectual class esotericists”, were scions of pre-Soviet intellectuals, who were drafted to teach the new technical experts and were later supposed to be replaced by them.

The empirical analysis shows that Soviet programs preserved esoteric ideas as part of a propaganda campaign against the Thomism and integrated elements of folk knowledge into its science in order to fuel industrialization. These ideas were then distributed to the population via Soviet popular science, which led to the post-Soviet occult revival. Even after the collapse of Soviet censorship, Ukrainian esotericists retained the majority of their self-presentation practices from the Soviet period. “Working class” esotericists attempted to legitimize in anomic Ukrainian society by making themselves as visible as possible, collecting accolades and serving clients. “Intellectual class” esotericists preferred to stay out of sight while contributing to the discourse by reproducing primary sources and maintaining channels of transmission. Finally, this volume illuminates how working and intellectual class esotericists valued very similar qualities—erudition, tenacity, and competence—and shows how these values manifested under conditions of anomie.

Abstract [sv]

Sovjetunionens upplösning den 26 december 1991 markerade slutet på det som kommit att kallas historiens mest omfattande sociologiska experiment. De nybildade postsovjetiska staterna befann sig då i ett tillstånd av anomi–en omfattande kollaps av sociala normer. Som en av dess effekter uppstod en flodvåg av esoteriska strömmar och magiska praktiker som förblev framträdande fram till ungefär tidigt 2000-tal. Under en tid fanns det mindre stigma i att gå till en byhäxa än till en psykiater, var det mer acceptabelt att studera UFO:n än planekonomi och det ansågs verkligen vara mindre konstigt att vara intresserad av chakran än av Marx eller Engels. Avhandlingen utforskar hur utövare av esoterism navigerade i det sociala landskapet i Ukraina från 1986 till 2014 genom att analysera innehållet i esoteriska publikationer producerade i Ukraina. Den visar att två distinkta grupper av utövare kan identifieras. Den första gruppen, ”arbetarklassesoterikerna”, var sprungen ur det sovjetiska programmet för att producera ett stort antal tekniska experter inom en begränsad tidsram. Den andra gruppen, ”den intellektuella klassens esoteriker”, härrörde från de försovjetiska intellektuella som var tänkta att undervisa de nya tekniska experterna för att senare ersättas av dem.

Den empiriska analysen visar att sovjetiska utbildningsprogram bevarade esoteriska idéer som en del av en propagandakampanj mot thomismen och integrerade element av folkkunskap i vetenskapen för att uppmuntra industrialiseringen. Dessa idéer kanaliserades sedan till befolkningen via sovjetisk populärvetenskap, vilket indirekt ledde till den postsovjetiska ockulta väckelsen. Även efter den sovjetiska censurens sammanbrott behöll ukrainska esoteriker de flesta av sina självpresentationer från sovjetperioden. ”Arbetar-klassesoterikerna” försökte legitimera sin praktik i det anomiska ukrainska samhället genom att göra sig själva så synliga som möjligt. Esoterikerna ur den ”intellektuella klassen” föredrog att hålla sig utom synhåll samtidigt som de bidrog till diskursen genom att reproducera primärkällor. Slutligen klargör denna volym att både arbetarklassesoteriker och den intellektuella klassens esoteriker värderade snarlika egenskaper (utlärning, uthållighet och kompetens) högt och vidare påvisas hur dessa värderingar manifesterade sig under anomins specifika sociala förhållanden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, 2023. , p. 254
Series
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations, ISSN 1652-7399 ; 219
Keywords [en]
esotericism, occultism, magic, Ukrainian history, Soviet history, transmission of esoteric ideas, intelligentsia, intellectuals, history of ideas.
National Category
Religious Studies
Research subject
Historical Studies; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-51486ISBN: 978-91-89504-43-1 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89504-44-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:sh-51486DiVA, id: diva2:1756932
Public defence
2023-06-15, MA648, Alfred Nobels Alle 7, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European StudiesAvailable from: 2023-05-25 Created: 2023-05-15 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved

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