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Navigating Two Languages: Immigrant Integration Policies in Bilingual Finland
Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Baltic & East European Graduate School (BEEGS).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4209-6525
2017 (English)In: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, E-ISSN 1617-5247, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 41-66Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Immigration into states with historical linguistic minorities creates the dilemma of which language newly arrived immigrants should learn in the state-provided integration programmes. Research has shown how territorially concentrated historical minorities have used immigrants to favour their own nation-building projects. While these minorities to some extent operate like a majority within their federal state or province, this paper explores how constitutionally bilingual Finland, having a Swedish-speaking non-territorial minority with the same linguistic rights as the majority, governs immigrant integration. It investigates the implications of the strong legal and weak societal status of Swedish for immigrant integration by connecting scholarship on liberal multiculturalism and integration in multilingual states to laws, reports and interviews on integration in Swedish-speaking Finland. It shows tensions between Finland-Swedish integration aspirations and state level policies promoting a majority-monolingual integration. Unlike minorities with federal protection, the non-territorial Swedish-speaking minority largely relies on the voluntary choice of immigrants to choose Swedish as their language of integration. Structural obstacles, however, hinder this choice in bilingual regions, having resulted in political debates and actions. This article bridges research on Finnish multiculturalism and research on integration policy in contexts where historical minorities are present by introducing a non-territorial, formerly dominant minority to the research field.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
European Centre for Minority Issues , 2017. Vol. 16, no 2, p. 41-66
Keywords [en]
integration policy; immigration; historical minorities; linguistic minorities; Swedish-speaking Finland; multiculturalism; language policy
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33570OAI: oai:DiVA.org:sh-33570DiVA, id: diva2:1147856
Available from: 2017-10-09 Created: 2017-10-09 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. One Nation, One Language?: National minority and Indigenous recognition in the politics of immigrant integration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>One Nation, One Language?: National minority and Indigenous recognition in the politics of immigrant integration
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Policies regulating immigrant integration constitute a core element of nation-building through the compliance they prescribe with cultural and linguistic norms. The recognition of multiple national belongings in states with national minorities and Indigenous peoples nevertheless challenges majority-centred notions of what integration should entail. Research on connections between integration and recognition, however, has mainly focused on minority substates such as Quebec and Catalonia, where local integration policies align with the respective minority nationalist project, leaving other contexts of recognition largely unexplored.

By employing critical and interpretive approaches to the study of politics, this study aims to explore connections, separations, and synergies between policies of national minority recognition and immigrant integration in Europe. Using a combination of document analysis, interviews, and ethnographic observation, it asks how integration policy produces or counters expressions of majority nationhood in states with recognized minorities, how colonial or imperial legacies shape such policies, and what normative tensions can be identified between the promotion of majority and minority identities. Theoretically, it draws on scholarship on liberal multiculturalism, settler colonial studies, and theories on belonging and boundary-making.

The four articles of this compilation dissertation combine empirical findings with normative questions. States with recognized minorities in EU27 are shown to reproduce majority nationhood through integration, which clashes with minority protection and with some migrants’ aspirations. In Finland, where the Swedish-speaking minority enjoys equal linguistic recognition with the majority, the minority and migrants are shown to mobilize to ensure the implementation of minority elements in the predominantly majority-centred integration. In Indigenous Swedish Sápmi, state-led integration is found to largely reproduce colonial practices, which are nevertheless also occasionally challenged. In Bulgaria, Turkish-speaking, Muslim minorities are othered in society and marginal within integration, even though post-Ottoman Muslim institutions have come to function as spaces of belonging for recent refugees.

Integration policies are shown to misrecognize minorities and thereby fail to represent the actual heterogeneity faced by migrants. Past and present linguistic, religious, racial, and societal contestations are shown to intersect in complex, layered ways that contemporary monolingual, territory-based models of minority recognition and integration fail to capture. The study’s findings have normative implications for research on minority recognition and integration and call for contextually sensitive perspectives to rethink present policies that serve the goals of majority nation-building rather than mirror actual societal belongings.

Abstract [sv]

Integrationspolitik har en viktig nationsbyggande funktion då den ställer krav på kulturell och språklig kunskap som vanligtvis reproducerar majoritetsnationalism. Integrationskravens utformning utmanas emellertid i stater med erkända nationella minoriteter och urfolk där flera tillhörigheter officiellt erkänts och därmed kan förväntas ta plats i nationsbyggande narrativ. Tidigare forskning om kopplingar mellan integrationspolitik och minoritetserkännande har i huvudsak fokuserat på federala autonoma minoritetsterritorier såsom Quebec och Katalonien, där de lokala integrationspolicyerna stödjer det minoritetsnationalistiska projektet. Hur övriga former av minoritetserkännande förhåller sig till integration är i stort sett outforskat i litteraturen.

Denna avhandling har som syfte att utforska kopplingar, skiljelinjer, spänningar och synergier mellan minoritetserkännande och integrationspolitik i Europa. Avhandlingen tillämpar kritiska och tolkande perspektiv på material bestående av dokument, intervjuer och etnografisk observation. Den kretsar kring tre forskningsfrågor: Hur producerar eller motverkar integrationspolitik uttryck av majoritetsnationalism i stater med erkända minoriteter? Hur formar koloniala arv och stormaktsarv denna politik? Vilka normativa spänningar kan utläsas mellan minoritetserkännande och integration? Avhandlingens teoretiska ramverk bygger på forskning om liberal mångkulturalism, bosättarkolonialism, samt teorier om tillhörighet och gränsdragande.

De fyra artiklarna i denna sammanläggningsavhandling kombinerar empiriska resultat med normativa frågor. I en policygenomgång visas att EU:s 27 medlemsländeri hög grad reproducerar majoritetsnationalism i sin integrationspolitik, vilket kan anses krocka med målet att skydda minoriteter från majoritetens dominans samt vissa invandrares minoritetsspråkliga omgivning. I Finland, där den finlandssvenska minoriteten enligt lag har lika stark språklig ställning som den finskspråkiga majoriteten, visas hur minoriteten och invandrare mobiliserar sig för att säkerställa att även minoritetsspråket inkluderas i den majoritetscentrerade implementeringen av integrationspolitiken. I den svenska delen av Sápmi visas att den statliga integrationspolitiken till stor del reproducerar koloniala praktiker, vilka dock till viss del utmanas framförallt i implementeringen. I Bulgarien visas hur språkliga, religiösa och geografiska gränsdragningar bidrar till att få kontakter uppstår mellan den turkiskspråkiga, muslimska nationella minoriteten och nyanlända flyktingar, även om post-osmanska muslimska institutioner har kommit att skapa tillhörighet för nyanlända flyktingar i ett land där staten är frånvarande vad gäller integrationsstöd.

Avhandlingen visar att integrationspolitiken i de undersökta länderna endast ger marginellt utrymme för minoritetstillhörigheter och därmed misslyckas med att representera den faktiska samhälleliga heterogenitet som invandrare möter. Historiska och samtida spänningar kopplade till språk, religion, etnicitet och ras interagerar på komplexa vis, som nutida enspråkiga, monokulturella och territoriella modeller av minoritetserkännande och integration inte lyckas fånga. Avhandlingens resultat har normativa implikationer för forskningen om minoritetserkännande och integrationspolitik och efterlyser kontextbundna perspektiv för att ompröva den nuvarande politiken som tjänar majoritetsnationsbygge snarare än speglar samhällets faktiska mångfald.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, 2021. p. 192
Series
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations, ISSN 1652-7399 ; 182
Keywords
immigrant integration, nation-building, national minorities, Indigenous peoples, recognition, language policy, Bulgaria, Sápmi, Finland, Sweden, liberal multiculturalism, settler colonialism, belonging, boundary-making, integration, nationsbyggande, nationella minoriteter, urfolk, erkännande, språkpolitik, Bulgarien, Sápmi, Finland, Sverige, liberal mångkulturalism, bosättarkolonialism, tillhörighet, gränsdragande
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Research subject
Politics, Economy and the Organization of Society; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-42933 (URN)978-91-89109-40-7 (ISBN)978-91-89109-41-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-01-29, MA624/via link, Alfred Nobels allé 7, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Available from: 2021-01-04 Created: 2020-12-15 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved

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Carlsson, Nina

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