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Title [sv]
Medicin, makt och motstånd: THX-konflikten och svenskt-tyskt utbyte under efterkrigstiden
Title [en]
Medical boundaries contested: Sweden, Germany and the exchange of medical knowledge 1952-1989
Abstract [en]
The project will explore the exchange of medical knowledge between Sweden and Germany during the post-war period, focusing on the controversy surrounding the experimental cancer drug THX and its inventor Elis Sandberg from 1952 to 1989. German scientific influences are sometimes claimed to have lost importance in Sweden after the war, when America became the new centre of medical development. The project questions this picture and aims to show that the exchange between Sweden and Germany continued, within the frames of the THX-controversy, suggesting that the development rather ought to be described as a shift in arenas and forms of exchange, not a loss of influence on Germany’s behalf. THX became a source of conflict in Sweden when Elis Sandbergs’ claims that THX cured cancer and several other diseases could not be verified by the scientific community. However, Sandberg gained support from German doctors and medical scientists, and the THX clinic in Aneby, Sweden was supplemented by a THX-clinic in Bad Harzburg, Germany. The project explores these two sites of knowledge exchange, and thereby illuminates the implications of the different medical contexts of the two countries to the THX-controversy. By analysing a broad range of source material such as patients’ letters, professional correspondence between Sandberg and other doctors and scientist and press material from Sweden and Germany, the project approaches the question of knowledge exchange from a new perspective. By including patients’ experiences and opinions, and focusing on doctors and medical scientists in the periphery rather than elite scientists and experts, the project investigates hitherto overlooked aspects of medical knowledge in exchange. The primary research question the project will answer is: In what ways does the exchange of medical knowledge within the THX-controversy construct and contrast such knowledge between 1952 and 1989, and with what consequences?
Publications (6 of 6) Show all publications
Josephson, M. (2022). Lex THX: Historien om Sveriges största medicinska konflikt och den märkvärdiga veterinären som skapade den. Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lex THX: Historien om Sveriges största medicinska konflikt och den märkvärdiga veterinären som skapade den
2022 (Swedish)Book (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Berättelsen om veterinärmedicinaren Elis Sandberg och kalvthymusextraktet THX är en unik och dramatisk svensk medicinhistoria. Den spänner över nästan fyra decennier, befinner sig i olika bryt- och brännpunkter och sätter förstoringsglaset på avgörande frågor i samhällsutvecklingen. Det handlar om synen på patienten, om lidande och död, men också om konflikterna mellan alternativmedicin och evidens, stad och landsbygd, allmänhet och etablissemang. Det är en berättelse om Sveriges väg in i moderniteten.

Den första THX-patienten, en grannes ko, tillfrisknade snabbt och gjorde Elis Sandberg övertygad om att han hade löst cancerns gåta. Från 1950-talet och framåt fick mellan 50 000 och 150 000 människor injektioner med extraktet. Hela tiden i konflikt med den svenska medicinalstyrelsen och stora delar av läkarkåren. Som mest fanns 25 THX-kliniker spridda över Sverige och Sandberg var en rikskändis.

Det här är utan konkurrens vår största medicinska konflikt genom tiderna och den kom att påverka svensk sjukvård i grunden. En veterinärmedicinare från Småland banade väg för en ny syn på den sjuka människan i Sverige.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Norstedts Förlag, 2022. p. 280
Keywords
medicinhistoria, cancer, 1900-tal, alternativmedicin, kontroversstudier
National Category
History of Science and Ideas Pharmacology and Toxicology
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-50410 (URN)9789113117713 (ISBN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 22/2016
Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Josephson, M. (2021). ”Begreppet slår på den som redan ligger”. Svenska Dagbladet (2021-04-14)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>”Begreppet slår på den som redan ligger”
2021 (Swedish)In: Svenska Dagbladet, ISSN 1101-2412, no 2021-04-14Article in journal, News item (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Svenska dagbladets AB & Co, 2021
Keywords
kultursjukdom, post covid, medicinhistoria
National Category
History of Science and Ideas Other Medical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-50414 (URN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 22/2016
Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Josephson, M. (2021). Vi har glömt att det är normalt att vara långtidssjuk. Göteborgs-Posten (2021-08-11)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vi har glömt att det är normalt att vara långtidssjuk
2021 (Swedish)In: Göteborgs-Posten, ISSN 1103-9345, no 2021-08-11Article in journal, News item (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Tidningsaktiebolaget Stampen, 2021
Keywords
konvalescens, medicinhistoria
National Category
History of Science and Ideas Other Medical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-50413 (URN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 22/2016
Note

GP Kultur

Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Josephson, M. (2020). Veterinären som folkets vetenskapsman: Kalvthymus och gettarmar mot cancer. In: Motzi Eklöf (Ed.), Humanimalt: Oss djur emellan – i medicin och samhälle förr och nu. Malmköping: Exempla förlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Veterinären som folkets vetenskapsman: Kalvthymus och gettarmar mot cancer
2020 (Swedish)In: Humanimalt: Oss djur emellan – i medicin och samhälle förr och nu / [ed] Motzi Eklöf, Malmköping: Exempla förlag , 2020Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmköping: Exempla förlag, 2020
Keywords
medicinhistoria, cancer, alternativ medicin, THX
National Category
History Other Veterinary Science Other Health Sciences
Research subject
Historical Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-44449 (URN)9789198331943 (ISBN)
Available from: 2021-03-01 Created: 2021-03-01 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Josephson, M. (2019). En "folklig" medicinsk moral?: Konfliktlinjer kring cancermedlet THX ca 1965 - 1977 i Sverige. In: Motzi Eklöf (Ed.), Medicinska moraler och skandaler: Vetenskapens (etiska) gränser (pp. 189-211). Stockholm: Ellerströms förlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>En "folklig" medicinsk moral?: Konfliktlinjer kring cancermedlet THX ca 1965 - 1977 i Sverige
2019 (Swedish)In: Medicinska moraler och skandaler: Vetenskapens (etiska) gränser / [ed] Motzi Eklöf, Stockholm: Ellerströms förlag, 2019, p. 189-211Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Ellerströms förlag, 2019
Keywords
THX, Elis Sandberg, cancer, patienter, medicin, 1900-tal, Sverige
National Category
History of Science and Ideas
Research subject
Historical Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-39923 (URN)9789173319676 (ISBN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 22/2016
Available from: 2020-01-16 Created: 2020-01-16 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Josephson, M. (2018). En "medborgerlig" patientrörelse: Samhällssyn och maktkritik hos den svenska THX-rörelsen under 1970-talets andra hälft. Scandia, 84(1), 36-60
Open this publication in new window or tab >>En "medborgerlig" patientrörelse: Samhällssyn och maktkritik hos den svenska THX-rörelsen under 1970-talets andra hälft
2018 (English)In: Scandia, ISSN 0036-5483, Vol. 84, no 1, p. 36-60Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Since the 1990s, historians of medicine have pointed to a change in the status and self-image of patients in the West. Patients, it is claimed, have gone from being passively dependent on medicine to active consumers of health care. However, this narrative does not consider the fact that Western countries differ a great deal in terms of access to health care, access to alternative treatments and the role and status assigned to formal expertise in society at large. This study aims to contribute to a deeper and more historically nuanced understanding of the transformation of the patient into a consumer. Through an analysis of the Swedish THX movement - a patient movement trying to achieve legal access to, and formal approval of, the controversial anti-cancer drug THX in the 1970s - the study shows how the agenda and demands of the THX patients mirrored the specific Swedish settings in which they were articulated. THX patients did not wish to be regarded as consumers or clients. On the contrary, their arguments were firmly rooted in a collective identity as "the people" who expected the state and politicians to meet their needs. They emphasized their collective experience as evidence of the efficiency of THX and pointed to the popularity of THX treatment, thereby rejecting the results of several scientific trials initiated by the medical authorities. Doing so, THX patients made use of the culturally resonant frame of collectivity in Sweden at the time, as well as of a widespread belief that the medical authorities were corrupt and insensitive to the needs of ordinary people.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Scandia, 2018
Keywords
Patient advocacy, health movements, history of medicine, post-war, Sweden, history of science
National Category
History of Science and Ideas
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35761 (URN)000435168700003 ()2-s2.0-85048636746 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 22/2016
Available from: 2018-06-28 Created: 2018-06-28 Last updated: 2025-10-07Bibliographically approved
Co-InvestigatorJosephson, Maria
Coordinating organisation
Södertörn University
Funder
Period
2017-01-01 - 2019-12-31
Keywords [sv]
Östersjö- och Östeuropaforskning
Keywords [en]
Baltic and East European studies
National Category
History of Ideas
Identifiers
DiVA, id: project:1748Project, id: 22/2016_OSS

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