This conceptual paper argues that there are unrealized benefits from a cross-fertilization between research on sustainable tourism and sustainability transitions studies. With the aim to stimulate such cross-fertilization, the paper identifies three contemporary streams in sustainability transitions studies that are particularly relevant for sustainable tourism: deep transitions, transitions in practice, and the geography of transitions. These three streams present complementary perspectives, which can help reach a more nuanced understanding of transition processes in the tourism sector. The paper concludes that while research on sustainable tourism can benefit from theories, concepts, and frameworks from research on sustainability transitions, research on sustainable tourism can support further conceptual developments in sustainability transitions studies.

A long-standing research tradition has studied processes of late industrialization, with China as the most recent and publicized case. A strong trend among late industrializers is to move rapidly from manufacturing, to product design and to creation of indigenous R&D capabilities. This paper analyzes such a process taking place close to Europe, in the rapidly growing Turkish economy. Most of the literature on R&D internationalization and innovation in emerging economies studies the country level. To these studies the paper brings an important complement by analyzing the performance of individual innovating firms and the structural conditions underpinning their development, such as the role of state support, business group ownership and business group orientation. The paper builds on a comparative case study of two firms in the automotive and white goods industries, and their R&D and product development trajectory, and a brief comparison of the involved business group with other types of business group orientation in Turkey. Insights in innovative, knowledge-acquiring firms in emerging economies are key to understand the broader dynamics of the global knowledge economy, and the new challenges for technology-based firms in the West, where firms from the ´periphery´ suddenly emerge as competitors, not based on low cost but on innovation, patenting and product design. By showing that firms may pursue different roads to upgrading from close collaboration with multinational companies to independent strategies based on autonomous development of proprietary technological knowledge, the paper calls for a differentiated understanding of emerging economy dynamics.

Tourism literature tends to focus on passive tourists, who constitute the majority of tourists today. However, there is a growing number of individuals who overlap their study, work, and business with tourism activities. These independent tourists have created a new segment in the tourism industry, where tourists develop and experience their own tourism activities. However, there is a lack of current research on these independent tourists, especially in terms of how they function in the experience management process and how this can be translated into various new types of offers.

This study investigates the functions, experiences, and behaviors of this type of tourists. Accordingly, this study makes use of purposive sampling, employing direct observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of personal social media (e.g., blogs). The findings show that while some independent tourists function in a multitude of ways, from searching for ideas to composing, creating, and experiencing their own products, others are less active and tend to piggyback their efforts on those of more active tourists. The study finds that the motivational matrix is highly important for individuals who combine work and tourism. Working persons with a strong motivation for tourism relative to work maintain high levels of commitment, activity, and creativity in the tourism sphere, especially when they face problems with their work. Highly satisfied independent tourists initiate future actions by either revisiting the same destination or leading others to have similar experiences at the same location. Finally, the chapter discusses some methodological lessons learned from direct observation and in-depth interviews and studying social media.

Academic dishonesty and plagiarism have become hot issues in newspapers and academia. However, there are few studies of how leading journals are handling these issues. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation and policies concerning academic dishonesty, plagiarism and paper retractions in academia in general, and business and economics disciplines in particular. Four databases, Ebsco Business Source Premier, Emerald, JSTOR and ScienceDirect, have been examined. This survey shows that while some science journals, e.g. medical journals, are very active in retracting papers due to the dishonesty and plagiarism, business and economics journals are not. The survey also displays that some journals have already published explicit policies regarding academic honesty; within the business field, however, only two established and one emerging journal discuss such policies. Given the extent of the problem, it seems important that more journals openly confront the situation, elaborate and publish explicit policies how to reduce the future occurrence of academic dishonesty and plagiarism.

Many studies have focused on climate change policies and action at the national level, but few have studied policies and action at the city level, especially cities in emerging economies. To address this gap, the present study analyzes the management strategies globally leading cities have developed to address climate change and related issues and compares them with the city strategies of one rapidly urbanizing emerging economy, Turkey. In the analysis, the strategic plans of five leading global cities are compared with those of sixteen Turkish cities. While the leading global cities have specific managerial approaches to mitigate climate change, none of the Turkish cities exhibits any comprehensive approach. Furthermore, while leading global cities modify urban services to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, few Turkish cities adjust any services to address this challenge. Some Turkish cities propose an increased use of renewable energy sources and modification in their transportation system, but the focus in these plans is the current daily needs of their inhabitants. The findings of this study suggest several climate change strategies both for Turkish cities and cities in other developing countries.

Purpose –Several studies of the telecommunications industry have focused on government regulation and structural conditions, suggesting that initial order of entry and network effects create strong first-mover advantages for GSM companies. This paper seeks to change the focus to managerial capabilities and to investigate how an early mover on the Turkish market manages the phase of vigorous competition following the early-regulated period.

Design/methodology/approach –The paper is a case study of one leading firm in the context of the Turkish telecommunications market development. The most important sources for data are Telepati Telekom Journal, Turkcell Annual Reports, Telecommunications Authority of Turkey's publications, the reports of investment institutions, web pages of operators, and previous publications about the Turkish telecom industry.

Findings –The paper finds that the early mover, Turkcell, has used a mix of differentiated marketing strategies, innovative and diversified product development and increased service quality to defend its position in an era of increased competition with new operators, a high number of pre-paid customers and number portability.

Originality/value –On the basis of this case, the paper argues that studies of the telecommunications industry need to expand their analyses of industry structures to also include firm-specific strategies and management capabilities.

Tourism literature suggests that cities as corporate brands which can be promoted in the market and communicated to stakeholders. City tourism managers use tourism products such as festivals or other special events to promote their city as a corporate brand. This paper examines how festivals, in particular, affect the promotion and communication of a city in different market levels. A survey instrument was used to gather data from festival managers in İzmir, Turkey, in April 2009; and Göteborg, Sweden, in April 2009. The main findings indicate that managers perceive their festivals as creating community cohesiveness and strong communication among the current residents. However, they view the impact of the festivals on the promotion of the city within its country or in the international tourism market as limited. This study ultimately suggests that the festivals of İzmir are less efficient in promoting the city and that Göteborg festivals work to promote the city in Sweden and in the larger regions of Scandinavia.

The growth of R&D in East Asia has triggered the notion of a new innovation geography, where R&D is no longer a privilege of the traditional OECD countries. What does this mean for mid-sized emerging economies, without the scale advantages and bargaining power of India or China? This paper uses Turkey as a case to examine the continual unevenness of international R&D investments. By analyzing opportunities and limitations for local initiatives in the telecommunications, pharmaceutical, and automotive industries the paper finds that active private capital, a sufficient scale of production, and focused public policies are needed to attract international R&D.

Since tourism has been generating important amount of income in the balance sheets of nations, its market has experienced a vigorous international competition. Therefore, nations who want to increase and to sustain their competitiveness in this market craft organizations of tourism publicity and marketing management. Compared with its competitors, the Turkish system for organizing tourism publicity and marketing is neither effective nor efficient. For this reason, this study aims to propose a new organizational structure to improve the marketing of Turkish tourism. In order to develop this new model, the marketing and publicity organizations of competitor nations, the geographical size of the country, the variety of regions, and tourism products of Turkey were evaluated. The evaluation points to a need for a new organizational model with four levels such as Local Destination Management Organization, Destination Management Organization, Regional Tourism Coordination Organization and National Tourism Organization. In the current system, central ministries are responsible for the marketing of Turkish tourism. But the tourism products of various cities differ from each other. Therefore, Destination Management Organizations seems to be the most important level and they will help to deploy marketing and publicity activities from the central level to the local level. This study will especially focus on the organization structure of Destination Management Organizations. The new model will require numerous changes in the national and local levels of tourism marketing and publicity management of Turkey. Without this restructuring, however, it is difficult to promote the unique national tourism resources (nature, culture) which are based in different cities.