This thesis contributes to the literature by shifting focus from the empirical conditions facinghuman rights defenders (HRDs) to how these conditions are constructed and communicatedwithin Amnesty International’s annual reports and how this representation changes over time.The study analyses reports from 2002, 2016 and 2023.The study uses a qualitative longitudinal text analysis with elements of framing analysis. Itfocuses on how HRDs are described, which threats are highlighted and how responsibility isdistributed between different actors guided by framing theory.The findings show that HRDs are consistently framed as vulnerable actors defined throughrisk and repression. Over time, the framing becomes more complex. Overall, the study showsthat HRDs are increasingly placed within global crisis narratives while still being mainlyconstructed through vulnerability.

This essay focuses on Reiner Schürmann's undecidable remarks on the political, which can be traced in his work from the mid-seventies to the mid-eighties. While Schürmann's later work (leading to and including Broken Hegemonies) touches on similar issues, and generates its own hesitations and vacillations, it is principally during the earlier period that the specific problem surrounding the political is extensively thematized by him. The essay will show in what way Schürmann's work from this period vacillates between, on the one hand, privileging political life as a permanent guarantor for public visibility and human action and, on the other, a mode of being and acting that has no sufficient reason to exist at all, and could as easily disappear. These two contrasting judgments will be thought in light of what can be understood as the fate and finitude of the political. In order to situate a critical exploration of Schürmann's remarks on the historical-ontological status of political life, the essay will begin by considering a correspondence that took place between Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. While Jaspers, it will be shown, understands the political to be a permanent sphere of human activity, Heidegger radically historicizes its importance, concluding with the disquieting gesture that the political realm may have played itself out. Crucially, for the purposes of an investigation into Schürmann, who tasked himself with drawing out the implications of Heidegger's rethematization of the question of being for thinking and acting, these distinct positions on the nature of the political are never resolved in his writings, but show up as signs of a deep hesitation regarding the fate of the political at the end of metaphysics.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between ownership concentration and the quality of sustainability reporting in Swedish listed companies operating within environmentally intensive industries covered by the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD). The study is based on theories of corporate governance and sustainability reporting, where agency theory, stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory are applied to explain how ownership structures may influence corporate incentives regarding transparency and information disclosure. 

The study adopts a quantitative research strategy with a deductive approach and a cross-sectional research design. Data collection is based on secondary data obtained from sustainability reports and annual reports of Swedish listed companies within environmentally intensive industries for the fiscal year 2024. The quality of sustainability reporting is measured using a GRI-based index consisting of selected indicators, while ownership concentration is operationalized as the combined ownership share of the five largest shareholders. The analysis is conducted using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis. 

The results indicate a negative relationship between ownership concentration and the quality of sustainability reporting, but not statistically significant. Also, suggesting that companies with higher ownership concentration tend to exhibit slightly lower reporting quality. However, the relationship did not reach statistical significance at a 5-percent level, indicating that the findings should be interpreted with caution. Consequently, the alternative hypothesis could not be confirmed, and the null hypothesis could not be rejected. 

The study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between ownership within a Swedish context and highlights how institutional conditions and regulatory requirements may influence corporate reporting practices.  

Studien undersöker hur gymnasieelever tar sig an Vladimir Nabokovs *Lolita* i en undervisningskontext, med särskilt fokus på hur läshållningar, affektiva reaktioner och etiska dilemman samspelar i klassrummets meningsskapande processer. Studien placerar sig inom litteraturdidaktisk forskning om etiskt och estetiskt utmanande texter och fyller en viktig kunskapslucka genom att ge en empirisk skildring av hur yngre läsare möter en kanoniserad men kontroversiell roman.Det empiriska materialet består av inspelade klassrumsdiskussioner, läsloggar och fältanteckningar. Analysen vilar på ett teoretiskt ramverk som kombinerar Rosenblatts (2002) transaktionella lästeori, Felskis (2008) begrepp kring affekt och chock, Perssons (2012) resonemang om instrumentella lässtilar, provocerande litteratur och didaktiskt risktagande, samt Torells (2002) modell för litterär kompetens. Resultaten visar att eleverna rör sig mellan estetiska, upplevelsebaserade och moraliska läshållningar; dessa framträder som dynamiska och situationsbundna snarare än som fasta kategorier. Hållningarna samspelar kontinuerligt och bildar en komplex tolkningsprocess där affekt inte utgör ett hinder för analys, utan snarare en drivkraft i meningsskapandet. Obehag, ambivalens och moralisk upprördhet fungerar som ingångar till reflektioner kring språk, berättarperspektiv och retorisk manipulation.Samtidigt belyser studien hur dessa processer formas av klassrummets didaktiska och sociala förutsättningar. Resultaten understryker särskilt betydelsen av undervisningens utformning, då skriftliga reflektionsuppgifter möjliggör mer utförliga och textnära analyser än vad helklassdiskussioner gör. Elevens respons framstår därmed som en interaktionell och kontextberoende praktik, där den litterära kompetensen aktiveras på olika sätt beroende på deltagandets villkor.Studiens främsta bidrag ligger i den empiriska redogörelsen för hur affekt, etik och estetik samverkar i gymnasieelevers läsning, samt hur detta samspel medieras genom klassrummets praktiker. På så sätt vidareutvecklar studien tidigare forskning – som främst utgått från universitetsmiljöer eller teoretiska antaganden – genom att visa hur litterär komplexitet förhandlas i skolmiljö. Resultaten antyder vidare att mötet med kontroversiell litteratur, när det stöds av en etiskt medveten och pedagogiskt strukturerad undervisning, kan utgöra en kraftfull resurs för att utveckla elevers kritiska läskunnighet och deras förmåga att hantera komplexa estetiska och etiska tolkningsutmaningar.

Alcohol-free wine is an emerging and unsettled market category. It is neither fully integratedinto the established category of conventional wine nor clearly established as a distinct beveragecategory with its own conventions, meanings, and exchange structures. This study examines howselected European wine industry actors participate in the creation and development of this emergingmarket category.A qualitative research design was used, based on semi-structured interviews with twelveinformants representing wineries, technology providers, brand founders, market experts, andalternative beverage actors across several European markets. The study was complemented by fieldobservations conducted at the Casa Emma estate and Zeero facility in Tuscany, Italy, and bysupplementary material from the ProWein 2026 industry panel on next-generation drinking. Theanalysis followed a Gioia-inspired structure, moving from first order concepts to second orderthemes and four aggregate dimensions.The findings show that selected actors participate in market creation through three connectedactivities. First, actors frame the emerging category through health and moderation accounts,responses to declining wine consumption, future relevance arguments, and generational change, butthese framings do not converge into a single shared account, confirming that the category boundaryis still being negotiated. Second, actors establish product credibility through base wine selection,dealcoholisation technology, sensory rebuilding, brand architecture, and premium positioning,navigating a structural tension between wine connection and product difference that has no singlecorrect resolution. Third, actors build acceptance among consumers and market intermediariesthrough education, tastings, gastronomy contexts, and trade engagement, with professionalscepticism representing a persistent deficit of sociopolitical legitimacy that direct sensory trial is theprimary mechanism for addressing.The study contributes to market creation and market studies literature by showing that thedevelopment of an emerging market category depends on the combined and simultaneous work ofproduct credibility, category definition, and market acceptance, and that these activities aremutually reinforcing rather than sequential.

With a population of nearly 280 million people, Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, encompassing more than 1,300 ethnic groups as well over 700 regional languages, with Bahasa Indonesia being the national language. Amid this diversity, the state promotes Pancasila (‘the Five Principles’), as the official ideological foundation of the nation. While Pancasila is constitutionally enshrined and widely invoked as a unifying framework, its meanings have been historically contested. Nonetheless, it has been foundational in teaching citizenship education, and it is clearly present in Indonesia’s shift to the digitalisation of education in recent years.

This research aims to explore the ways in which Pancasila is articulated, both historically as well as in contemporary governmental policies, and how it is adapted in teachers’ educational practices with digital media and technologies. As there is a historical lens through which one must observe the meaning-making of Pancasila, this research begins by examining this perspective from The Birth of Pancasila speech, the Pancasila Ideology Development Agency (BPIP), as well as the Merdeka Mengajar (Emancipated Teaching) digital platform (PMM) and the Pancasila Student Profile framework, which are initiatives that were launched by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology.

Through an inquiry adopting a cultural approach to educational media production, this study is theoretically grounded within the encoding/decoding framework (Hall,1973). As an analytical tool, it observes the meaning-making of Pancasila through culture and ideology (Anderson, 2006; Geertz, 1973) as well as the measurements of learning (Biesta, 2009), technological solutionism (Facer & Selwyn, 2021), and cultural citizenship identity (Dahlgren, 2006). Correspondingly, the research design centres a qualitative methodology that includes analysis of interviews, field notes observations, as well as documents and Pancasila education video analyses.

At the intersection of education technology and ideology, teachers are positioned as intermediaries to instil a culture of learning Pancasila as a ‘lived ideology’ by being its active interpreters. Ultimately, teachers’ negotiated practices in using digital technologies and media not only are a reflection of their being exemplary teachers, but also a feature of becoming Indonesian as well.

This policy brief summarises the principal findings and policy recommendations of SUPA Deliverable D2.1, Regulatory Offsetting in Modern Democracies: A Comparative Analysis of Design, Politics, Implementation, and Effectiveness. It finds that regulatory offsetting increases awareness and scrutiny of regulatory costs but does not consistently constrain regulatory growth or deliver tangible burden relief. The brief recommends using offsetting as a supporting component of a broader Better Regulation framework rather than as an autonomous burden reduction instrument.

This report presents the findings of Work Package 2 (WP2) of the Horizon Europe project Sustaining Public Administration in Modern Democracies (SUPA). It examines regulatory offsetting schemes, commonly known as “One-in-One-out” (OIOO) or “One-in-X-out” (OIXO), which require new regulatory burdens to be compensated through reductions in existing burdens. As regulation and its associated burdens have continued to grow, modern democracies have increasingly adopted these schemes within broader Better Regulation programmes. Nevertheless, systematic comparative evidence of their design and implementation remains limited. Therefore, this report examines the design, politics, implementation and effectiveness of regulatory offsetting and the conditions under which it constrains regulatory growth and provides meaningful burden relief.

The report combines documentary analysis, longitudinal quantitative analysis and qualitative case studies drawing on 63 elite and expert interviews. Part I maps regulatory offsetting and selected burden reduction initiatives across 28 countries and the European Union (EU), including more detailed examinations of the Netherlands and the EU. Part II analyses legislative activity in Denmark, France, Germany and Spain between 2000 and 2025, using the Netherlands and Norway as comparison cases. It examines whether offsetting is associated with changes in the number and volume of legal acts and in the prevalence of restrictive and termination clauses. Part III investigates the practical operation of offsetting through in-depth case studies of Denmark, France, Germany and Spain.

Overall, the findings reveal that offsetting has its clearest and most consistent effects on regulatory procedures and institutional behaviour, particularly on how regulation is assessed and designed. It raises awareness of regulatory burdens, institutionalises cost measurement, strengthens the assessment, justification and scrutiny of regulatory costs, and encourages officials to consider less burdensome approaches to regulatory design and implementation. Yet we find no clear evidence that offsetting consistently constrains rule growth or provides substantial relief to regulated actors. Four main findings support this conclusion.

This thesis explores how carbon offsetting mechanisms are integrated into corporate sustainability strategies in the EU aviation sector and critically interprets the contribution of voluntary carbon markets to real emission reductions.  

The findings show that carbon offsetting has become an institutionalized component of aviation sustainability strategies, largely in response to increasing regulatory, investor and societal pressure. Airlines use offsetting to demonstrate climate responsibility while maintaining carbon-intensive operational structures. However, this integration creates a persistent gap between sustainability communication and actual emission reductions, as formal climate commitments are often decoupled from operational change.

The analysis further highlights structural uncertainties within voluntary carbon markets. The effectiveness of offsetting depends on contested and difficult to verify criteria such as additionality, permanence, and accurate accounting. Combined with weak governance and reliance on self-regulation, this undermines the credibility of carbon neutrality claims and raises concerns about greenwashing.

The study concludes that carbon offsetting can play a supplementary role in climate strategies but is insufficient as a primary decarbonization tool. In the aviation sector, it often functions more as a mechanism for managing legitimacy than as a driver of structural emission reductions, potentially delaying deeper transitions toward net-zero. 

The relationship between firm size and profitability remains a contested issue within business economics, as prior research and theoretical perspectives provide inconclusive results. While economies of scale suggest that larger firms may achieve higher profitability through efficiency gains and specialization, the resource-based view emphasizes the importance of firm-specific resources and capabilities. This study examines the relationship between firm size and profitability among Swedish listed manufacturing firms, with particular focus on whether the relationship is linear or non-linear. The study applies a quantitative research design using panel data from 42 firms listed on Nasdaq Stockholm during 2018–2022, comprising 210 observations. Profitability is measured by Return on Assets (ROA), while firm size is operationalized as the natural logarithm of total assets. Multiple regression analysis is used to test both linear and quadratic relationships, including leverage, revenue growth, and year dummy variables as controls. The descriptive findings indicate a weak positive association between firm size and profitability. However, the regression results show no statistically significant relationship between firm size and ROA, neither in linear nor non-linear form. Overall, the findings suggest that firm size has limited explanatory power for profitability in the studied context, and that firm-specific resources and capabilities may be more important determinants of performance. 

Denna studie undersöker hur föreställningar om trovärdighet och misstänksamhet konstrueras och framställs i realityprogrammet Förrädarna. Syftet är att analysera hur deltagarna genom sociala interaktioner och individuella synkar framställer sig själva och andra deltagare som trovärdiga eller misstänksamma. Studien belyser frågor om hur misstänksamhet och trovärdighet uttrycks i sociala interaktioner, hur deltagarnas självframställning varierar i olika sociala kontexter samt hur programmets struktur bidrar till publikens insyn i deltagarnas privata och offentliga ageranden.  

Studien bygger på ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av Erving Goffmans teori om “front-” och ”back region”, kompletterat av Joshua Meyrowitz vidareutveckling "middle region”.

Resultatet tyder på att trovärdighet och misstänksamhet i hög grad konstrueras genom subjektiva tolkningar snarare än konkreta bevis. Icke-verbala uttryck såsom kroppsspråk, rodnad, blickar och beteenden blev betydelsefulla i deltagarnas bedömningar av varandra. Fortsatt visade resultatet att deltagarna aktivt arbetade med att kontrollera omgivningens uppfattning om dem genom självpositionering, strategiska uttryck och medvetna formuleringar. De sociala interaktionerna präglades därmed i stor utsträckning av försiktighet, medan de individuella synkarna öppnade upp fria resonemang och ökad grad av säkerhet. Till sist indikerar resultaten att programmets växling mellan det offentliga och privata ger tittaren insyn i både deltagarnas offentliga framträdanden och privata tankar och strategiska resonemang. Detta möjliggör för tittaren att utforma egna tolkningar om trovärdighet och misstänksamhet, baserat på deltagarnas ageranden och sanna intentioner.  

Förrädarna kan därmed betraktas som mer än enbart underhållning. Det kan även förstås som en mediekontext som synliggör bredare samhälleliga processer kring hur trovärdighet och misstänksamhet konstrueras i en samtid präglad av osäkerhet och omfattande informationsflöde.

Proximity voice chat is a term sometimes used within game journalism and social media to describe a voice chat system where the audio is modulated by the spatiality of a 3D environment. This creates functionality where players are only able to hear others when they aren’t too far away from them. The study used the video game R.E.P.O as a case in order to let 10 participants play the game and then in depth interviews were conducted in order to examine their experiences. This was done to answer the research question “In what way does proximity chat affect player experience?”. The findings suggest that proximity voice chat has a great potential for largely affecting player immersion, increasing sociability and has a way to alter and affect the outcome of the game itself. However, the caveat is that it is dependent on how the chat system is implemented into the game.

This study examines how upper secondary students respond to Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov in an educational context, with a particular focus on how reading stances, affective responses, and ethical dilemmas interact within classroom meaning-making practices. Situated within literary didactics research on ethically and aesthetically challenging texts, the study addresses a significant gap by providing an empirical account of how younger students engage with a canonical yet controversial novel.

The empirical material consists of recorded classroom discussions, reading logs, and field notes. The analysis is informed by a theoretical framework combining Rosenblatt’s (2002) transactional theory of reading, Felski’s (2008) concepts of affect and shock, Persson's (2012) reasoning about instrumental reading styles, provocative literature and didactic risk-taking, and Torell’s (2002) model of literary competence. The findings demonstrate that students move between aesthetic, experiential, and moral reading stances, which emerge as dynamic and situational rather than fixed categories. These stances interact continuously, forming a complex interpretive process in which affect is not an obstacle to analysis but a driving force in meaning-making. Discomfort, ambivalence, and moral indignation function as entry points into reflections on language, narrative perspective, and rhetorical manipulation.

At the same time, the study highlights how these processes are shaped by the didactic and social conditions of the classroom. In particular, the findings underscore the importance of instructional design, as written reflection tasks enable more elaborated and text-oriented analysis than whole-class discussions. Student response thus emerges as an interactional and context-dependent practice, where literary competence is activated differently depending on the conditions of participation.

The study’s key contribution lies in its empirical demonstration of how affect, ethics, and aesthetics intersect in upper secondary students’ reading, and how this intersection is mediated through classroom practices. In doing so, it extends previous research, primarily based on university contexts or theoretical claims, by showing how literary complexity is negotiated in school settings. The findings further suggest that, when supported by ethically informed and pedagogically structured instruction, engagement with controversial literature can serve as a powerful resource for developing students’ critical literacy and their capacity to navigate complex aesthetic and ethical interpretive challenges.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how previous research within behavioral finance describes therelationship between investor behavior, volatility, and short-term price deviations in the stock market.The study is based on three central behavioral finance theories: overconfidence, herd behavior, andprospect theory. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a systematic literature review with qualitativecontent analysis is conducted. Peer-reviewed journal articles were collected through structureddatabase searches in SöderScholar, guided by predefined search strings, inclusion criteria, and acomplementary snowball method. The selected material was analyzed by identifying, categorizing,and comparing how previous research explains the relationship between investor behavior and marketoutcomes such as volatility, mispricing, overreactions, and delayed price adjustments. The findingsshow that investor behavior is frequently described as an important factor behind these marketoutcomes. Previous research suggests that overconfidence, herd behavior, and prospect theory eachcontribute to explaining why stock prices at times move away from fundamental values and whyvolatility may increase under certain market conditions. At the same time, the results indicate thatthese effects are not uniform, but vary depending on market structure, investor type, informationenvironment, and degree of uncertainty. The study therefore contributes to a clearer and moreintegrated understanding of how previous research uses behavioral finance perspectives to explainvolatility, mispricing, and short-term price deviations in the stock market.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether household consumption has a temporal relationship with GDP-growth in Sweden. The study is based on Keynes (1936) theory about how aggregate demand plays a vital role in economic growth. The study performs a time series data analysis based on quarterly data from 1982 to 2025. All the data the study has used is originally from the Swedish governmental agency Statistiska centralbyrån. An OLS-regression with robust standard errors is performed with the purpose to prevent heteroskedasticity. Household consumption is the main independent variable and GDP is the dependent variable. The study uses income, savings and employment as control variables. The results from the regression shows that there is a temporal positive significant and economically significant relationship between household consumption and Sweden’s GDP growth over time. The results from the regression should be interpreted with some caution due to the fact that the reverse relationship between GDP and household consumption also shows economical and statistical significance. This could indicate that household consumption and GDP as variables could be endogenous, which could result in the coefficients from the results being misleading. The Granger-causality test shows that household consumption does create a cause in Granger terms to GDP, which indicates that household consumption can predict future GDP values.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish travelers' perceptions of Thailand, shaped through Instagram before the trip, relate to their experiences after the trip.The study is based on a qualitative method. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews with twelve Swedish travelers and a netnographic survey of the respondents' Instagram posts. The material was analyzed through thematic analysis. The theoretical framework of the study is based on destination image, pre-visit image and post-visit image as well as theories about social media, Instagramism and the insta gaze. The results show that Instagram contributes to creating a selective and aestheticized image of Thailand where visually appealing environments and experiences are highlighted. At the same time, the study shows that the respondents were aware of the selective nature of the platform. After the trip, the respondents' image of Thailand was nuanced through experiences of aspects that are rarely made visible on Instagram, such as the environment, touristification, congestion and everyday life. The study also shows that the respondents themselves contribute to the reproduction of these idealized images through their own publications. Finally, the study shows how the destination image is shaped through an interaction between social media, visual representations and individual experiences.

Digitalisation and the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) have created new opportunities and challenges for education. The Swedish National Agency for Education emphasizes that schools are responsible for developing students' digital competence and their ability to use digital tools critically and responsibly (Skolverket, 2024). Previous research and reports from the Swedish Schools Inspectorate further highlight that the educational value of digital tools depends on how they are integrated into teaching and support students' learning processes (Skolinspektionen, 2019). 

This study examines how a structured teaching approach involving generative artificial intelligence (AI), AI-support sheets and teacher modelling can be related to students' conceptual understanding in physics education in grade 6. The study was conducted as a practice-based intervention in a Swedish primary school classroom where students used generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini, during a structured teaching unit on the universe. The aim was to investigate how this teaching approach could be related to students' conceptual understanding and use of subject-specific concepts. The study is grounded in a sociocultural perspective on learning, where concepts such as mediation, scaffolding and linguistic tools functioned as analytical concepts (Säljö, 2014). The empirical material consisted of pre- and post-tests focusing on central physics concepts, such as gravity, orbit, galaxy and light-year. The analysis combined quantitative and qualitative approaches to examine both measurable changes in students' results and the development of their use of scientific concepts (Bryman, 2018). The findings indicate that several students demonstrated a more developed use of scientific concepts and more elaborated explanations in the post-test. The results also suggest that generative AI, when combined with AI-support sheets and teacher modelling, may function as linguistic and pedagogical support by promoting reflection, comparison and conceptual reasoning. At the same time, the study highlights challenges related to source criticism, reliability and the extent to which students' responses reflected their own understanding or AI-generated formulations. The study contributes with practice-based knowledge about opportunities and limitations related to the use of AI in science education. 

The start of the 2000s saw a shift in how goodwill is accounted for, as the annual amortization was replaced with impairment tests. This gave rise to a still ongoing debate amongst researchers regarding how relevant the information conveyed through impairment tests actually is. Impairment tests rely on the management's assessment of future economic benefits. Therefore, the information value may be affected by the context surrounding the impairment decision. In this study, this context is operationalised through two factors: group size as an internal firm-specific factor and industry competition as an external market-related factor.

This study aims to contribute to the discourse on the implications of this transition by examining how both the internal and the external information environments affect the market’s valuation of goodwill impairments. The internal environment is linked to the size of the group, and the external to the level of competition within its industry. The study is done in a Swedish context and is based on a quantitative research approach where a regression model is used to study the relationships. The study also controls for the correlation between the studied factors through Pearson’s correlation coefficient and tests for multicollinearity through a VIF-test. The research draws data from 268 observations of Swedish groups during the years 2022-2024.

Results show that both competition and size are value relevant for the impairment of goodwill in Swedish groups. In contrast to previous research, the study finds that competitiveness inhibits the value relevance of impairments. The results also contribute to the mixed evidence on how size affects accounting information, providing support for the notion that larger groups produce more value relevant impairments. The primary conclusion of this research is that the market’s valuation of goodwill impairments is affected by the context surrounding goodwill and the impairment decision. In this study, this context is captured through group size and industry competition. It is suggested that competitiveness may limit groups’ willingness to impair goodwill, while group size might be connected to their ability to carry out reliable goodwill impairments.

Medieval towns have been the subject of numerous studies by archaeologists and historians. A common view is that towns were established and planned on the initiative of an authority. The point of departure for this study is instead that towns and other meeting places in the medieval landscape should be understood as ongoing processes, driven by a wide range of purposes and involving various phenomena, activities, journeys and movements of goods and people. 

A fundamental assumption of the study is that towns cannot be examined in isolation; rather, activities, people and landscape must be considered as an integrated whole to understand how towns and other meeting places emerge. The aim of the dissertation is to explore the development of harbours and towns in relation to routes over both land and water. To trace the processes through which junctions develop into towns, the study examines routes through the landscape as well as smaller meeting places and harbours where these routes converge. 

The dissertation shifts the focus from formally established and historically documented towns and constructed road networks to the landscape. This makes it possible to attend to the range of potential developments that have continuously been present. The landscape is thus not treated as a blank slate upon which humans plan and construct towns and other meeting places, but as a complex web that continually generates change and shapes how people perceive their everyday surroundings. By moving beyond the dichotomy between the constructed town and the natural countryside, the study highlights how these are closely intertwined and mutually dependent. In this sense, towns and other meeting places are understood as emerging from the landscape, rather than being imposed upon it.

The concern of this chapter is how urban studies, despite the vividly accumulated strand of critical theorizing, contribute to the commodifying of research by knowing the city along academic trajectories that privilege instrumental knowledge rather than critical reflection and responsiveness to those marginalized. Academia is thus complicit to the enactment of territorial stigmatization due to the institutions’ bias in favor of elite groups and knowledge brokers navigating the industry/knowledge/political-power nexus (Allen and Imrie, 2010; May and Perry, 2018). Academia is thus enrolled in stigmatizing practices that frame territories and populations as fundamentally ‘other.’ The chapter critiques dominant urban studies, especially social science projects addressing “marginalized neighborhoods” in Sweden. Two typologies of academic production are highlighted: the Exorcist, which seeks to purge social ‘problems’ rather than examine their structural causes mystifying social misery as self-evident, static, and place-bound; and the Exotist, which opposes this yet, through structural theorizing, reproduces narratives of otherness. Exotist research, including my own, often romanticizes alienation, resistance, or local solidarity while neglecting comparative or contextual analysis.

These academic productions impede richer understandings of advanced marginality, overemphasizing specific urban spaces as pathological or promising, ignoring the cultural political economy of uneven development under rapid urbanization (Sum and Jessop, 2013). The chapter thus reflects on epistemic injustice within the global knowledge order, shaped by the politicization of academia under neoliberal governance, while tentatively suggesting alternative agendas.

This study explores how information search and information as a process is presented in popular culture with supernatural phenomena. The study thereby explores how information search is represented in the movie Twilight (2008), with elements from the book (2005), and the tv-show Supernatural (2005-2020) by looking at how the characters search for and use information. Popular culture is a big part of todays society, but few studies in library- and information science have examined the representation of information search in popular culture. Instead, the focus has mainly been on the negative stereotypes of the library and librarian that appear. It is valuable to look at how information as a process is depicted in popular culture with supernatural phenomena and creatures because it is based on the unknown, where a new monster or a new creature needs to be examined for the characters to see how they should approach it. The data material has been analysed with the help of a narrative analysis and Jarkko Karis theory of information as a process in a supernatural context. The results that emerged shows that information as a process is central and explicit in both Twilight and Supernatural, and works as a driving actor to move the plot forward. A positive and thrilling image of information search is pictured, where the hunt for new knowledge is important and meaningful for the characters. Based on this a conclusion has been drawn that both Twilight and Supernatural are excellent examples that illustrate information as a process, and that it can give its young target audience good insight into information search.

This paper explores how indie pornographic videogames represent and sexualise monstrosity. Twenty-five games were analysed using qualitative content analysis to examine how design, narrative, and visual elements articulate the relationship between sexuality, fear, and taboo. Three recurring themes emerged: Sexy, Not Human, and Horny; Monstrous Seduction and the Erosion of Will; and Dominance, Violence, and Sexual Control. These themes reveal how pornographic horror games mobilise the monstrous body as a site where desire, disgust, and transgression intersect. These games employ mechanics and aesthetics that invite players to engage with fantasies of danger, submission, and control. The fusion of attraction and repulsion becomes a core ludic and affective dynamic, shaping how players experience the interplay of pleasure and horror. The analysis argues that such games reconfigure cultural narratives of gender and sexuality through interactive design, positioning the monstrous body as both object of desire and vehicle for exploring the limits of acceptable pleasure. 

This thesis examines preschool teachers’ experiences of play and teaching in preschool. The aim is to explore how preschool teachers reflect on children’s opportunities for play and how they balance play and teaching in their daily practice. The study also investigates how teaching is integrated into children's play and how this process is perceived across different levels of professional experience.

The study adopts a hermeneutic approach to interpret how two generations of preschool teachers perceive the relationship between play and teaching in preschool. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected interview data. The analysis involved coding the data, identifying recurring patterns, and developing overarching themes that were interpreted in relation to the study’s purpose. The theoretical perspective addresses the intrinsic value of play as well as critical perspectives on the concept of teaching, with a particular focus on play-based teaching and play-responsive teaching. The study is based on qualitative, semi-structured interviews with six preschool teachers from two generations with varying levels of professional experience. The interviews were conducted in sex municipalities and several preschools, which contributed to a broader range of perspectives. The participants were divided into two categories based on their professional experience: an older generation with extensive experience and a younger generation with less experience. This division allows for a comparison of their descriptions of play and teaching. 

The results show that both groups view play and teaching as closely intertwined, but differ in their approaches: experienced preschool teachers emphasize spontaneity and flexibility, while less experienced teachers focus more on planning and structure. Professional experience thus influences how play and teaching are understood and implemented.

The comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi is considered one of the world’s most invasive marine species due to its broad ecological and physiological tolerances. The species originates from western Atlantic Ocean, and was first recorded in Scandinavian waters in 2005, yet long-term population trends and environmental drivers in this region remain insufficiently understood. This study examined seasonal and long-term patterns in abundance of M. leidyi on the Swedish Skagerrak coast from 2007 to 2023, and assessed how key environmental variables - i.e. sea surface temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a relate to its population dynamics. Abundance and environmental data were obtained from the SHARK database of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), and generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to estimate trends and environmental responses. The results showed pronounced interannual variability with alternating periods of high and low abundance of M. leidyi, while the seasonal cycle remained relatively consistent, characterised by low abundance in winter and distinct peaks in late summer to early autumn. Temperature had a strong positive effect on abundance, while salinity showed no significant influence. Dissolved oxygen had a significant but non-linear effect, and chlorophyll-a displayed a weak and uncertain relationship to abundance of M. leidyi. Overall, the findings indicate that M. leidyi responds rapidly to warm conditions. Thus, ongoing ocean warming may facilitate its future establishment and ecological impact in northern cold-temperate waters.

This thesis examines the understanding of participation in public space by analyzing the emergence of two distinct conceptions of what constitutes citizen participation. The first is articulated within the framework of the Swedish policy Politik för Gestaltad Livsmiljö (Politics for the Designed Living Environment), while the second is grounded in participatory practices at Vintervikens Trädgård.The study demonstrates how this specific policy and practice have diverged in the wake ofthe neoliberal turn in urban planning that emerged in the 1990s. It further shows how differing conceptions of participation in public space are closely linked to broader understandings of democracy and autonomy. By shifting the analytical focus from how participation should be organized to what participation may constitute, this thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges of citizen participation. The findings suggest that, rather than focusing on how professionals can orchestrate participation, policy should prioritize enabling conditions for autonomous forms of participation in shared public spaces.

This study investigates goodwill impairments in Swedish publicly traded companies listed onOMX Large Cap. The analysis centres on management incentives, earnings management, andvalue relevance. Goodwill is a subjective accounting item because its valuation is based onfuture assumptions and assessments. According to IFRS, goodwill should not be amortizedcontinuously, but instead be tested annually for impairment needs. This gives corporate management significant room for maneuver, which can affect both the timing and the size ofgoodwill impairments.

The purpose of the study is to examine whether goodwill impairments are associated withmanagement's incentives and whether these impairments are relevant for investors on theSwedish stock market. This study is based on Positive Accounting Theory, Agency Theory,Big Bath Earnings Management, and Earnings Management Theory. Using a quantitativemethod, this study analyses data from Swedish listed companies' annual reports and financialstatements. The analysis is carried out using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, andmultiple regression analysis.

The result shows that goodwill impairments are affected by both economic factors and managerial assessments. This means that impairments do not only have to reflect actual decrease invalue, but can also be used as a tool for earnings management. The study shows that companies with bonus programs tend to exhibit higher goodwill impairments, which may indicatestrategic accounting choices and the presence of earnings management. The study also showsthat companies are more likely to carry out larger goodwill impairments during periods of already weak results, which can be linked to big bath earnings management. Furthermore, thestudy shows that goodwill impairments can be of importance to investors because they canprovide information about the company's future economic development. Overall, the studycontributes to an increased understanding of goodwill accounting on the Swedish market andshows the importance of transparency and reliable assumptions in impairment testing.

Auditors play a crucial role in assessing whether financial reports provide a true and fair view and in ensuring high-quality reporting. However, auditor independence is a constantly debated and scrutinized topic, as a lack of independence is often the main cause of corporate collapses and scandals. Since stakeholders heavily rely on financial reports to make informed decisions, it is crucial that the information is reliable and has been audited by an independent auditor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that influence auditor independence, with a particular focus on how client profiles affect auditors based on their professional experience. This study aims to investigate authorized auditors and how audit client characteristics can affect their independence, particularly with respect to their professional experience.

To conduct the study, a qualitative approach was adopted, using semi-structured interviews with authorized auditors from both small and large audit firms. In addition, the study uses secondary data from scientific articles and textbooks to gather information on the relevant topic.

The study found no relationship between auditors' professional experience and their influence by influential clients. According to the respondents' perceptions, threats from large clients are primarily driven by personal incentives and firm size, rather than by individual professional experience. Furthermore, all auditors use professional skepticism to counteract the false sense of security that a client's good reputation can provide. When it comes to clients with weak profiles, experienced auditors choose not to accept assignments to protect the firm's reputation from market distrust. Experienced auditors view independence as an obligation to protect public trust and the profession's reputation. They emphasize that both actual and apparent independence are equally important. Less experienced auditors focus primarily on regulatory compliance and the direct relationship with the client.

Nordic listed firms in the industrial, energy, and consumer sectors are examined for the link between sustainability reporting and corporate financial performance during the changeover from the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD) to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). ESG reporting is becoming a key tool for evaluating companies as sustainability becomes central to business strategy and investor decision-making. The CSRD is bringing in more consistent standards that will change how ESG information is generated and understood. The goal is to find out how well financial performance relates to sustainability reporting, determined by overall ESG scores and the E, S, and G components, and if CSRD has altered this connection. The study is based on signalling theory, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy theory, which describe how ESG disclosure can lower information asymmetry, build stakeholder trust, and impact financial results. Using panel data and regression analysis with control variables, a quantitative deductive approach is applied. The study is founded on a balanced panel of 114 Nordic listed companies, yielding 456 firm-year observations; listwise deletion yields a final usable sample of 413 observations. While ESG data comes from LSEG, financial performance is assessed using Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). To investigate the connections, Pearson correlation and several regression approaches are employed. The findings reveal a complicated picture. Although most of the ESG dimensions are not significant, Total ESG is negatively and significantly linked with ROA. For ROE, relationships are usually tenuous and minor. The absence of proof that CSRD has improved the link between ESG and performance implies that companies are still adjusting to the new reporting system. The study adds to ESG research by looking at how Nordic companies did during changes in rules and regulations. It shows that the link between ESG and financial performance is complicated and not always positive, and that any effects may take time to appear.

In after-school programs, educators encounter students with diverse language and cultural backgrounds. Educators describe that this can involve challenges, particularly due to communication gaps between newly arrived students and students born in Sweden. Previous research also highlights how educators experience difficulties in teaching related to communicative barriers. At the same time, it is emphasized that these challenges can be addressed through various approaches and methods that educators implement in their teaching.

In our study, we have drawn on three theoretical perspectives which is literacy, the sociocultural theory, and the zone of proximal development which we have used to analyze our results. The aim of the study is to examine the language challenges that educators report experiencing, and how they work and handle students' different language cultures at the after-school programs. To conduct the study, a qualitative method was used in the form of structured interviews. In total, six interviews were conducted with educators working in after-school programs in a swedish metropolitan area.

The results of our study show that educators face several challenges in their teaching, both when working with newly arrived students and students born in Sweden. These challenges include misunderstandings, insufficient communication, and difficulties related to participation and inclusion due to communicative barriers. To address and reduce these challenges in practice, educators worked pedagogically using various methods and tools, such as visual supports, Google Translate, clear instructions, repetition and body language. These strategies also help facilitate communication, thereby reducing challenges and promoting students’ language development. In conclusion, educators play an important role in managing these challenges in order to create an inclusive and language-developing learning environment. Since experience may vary among educators, it is also important that future teachers receive education that provides sufficient knowledge in this area.

This study examines the relationship between education level and unemployment at the municipal level in Sweden during the period 2001-2021. Using a quantitative method and panel data, the study analyzes how changes in education levels within municipalities over time are associated with changes in unemployment. The study applies fixed effects models with clustered standard errors to control for time-invariant differences between municipalities as well as common changes over time. In the analysis, unemployment is used as the dependent variable, while education level, measured as the share of the population with post-secondary education, is the main independent variable. To control for other factors that may affect unemployment, several control variables are included, such as income, population size, share of foreign-born individuals, population density, and share of working-age population. Some variables, such as income and population size, are log-transformed to allow interpretation in percentage terms. The results show that the relationship between education level and unemployment is sensitive to model specification. In simpler models, a negative relationship is observed, which is in line with human capital theory. However, when municipality and time fixed effects are included, the relationship changes, indicating that it is influenced by underlying structural and regional factors.

Background: Sustainability communication has become an increasingly important part ofcorporate marketing and branding strategies. Companies are today expected to takeresponsibility for their environmental impact and communicate their sustainability efforts tocustomers, investors, and other stakeholders. At the same time, increasing demands forsustainability have led to growing skepticism regarding how genuine corporate sustainabilityengagement actually is. The concept of greenwashing describes situations where companiespresent themselves as more sustainable than their actual practices demonstrate. This isparticularly relevant within the travel industry, where operations are strongly connected toclimate impact through transportation and increased travel. Travel companies thereforeoperate in a complex position where they must both meet sustainability expectations andmaintain a business model dependent on continued travel and growth.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how travel companies communicatesustainability in their external communication and how this communication can beunderstood as a strategy for creating and maintaining legitimacy. The study also aims toanalyze how companies’ sustainability communication relates to their sustainability reports,certifications, and other formal documents. Furthermore, the study examines which themesand legitimization strategies emerge in the communication and how companies manage thetension between climate impact and continued travel.

Method: The study applies a qualitative research method with an interpretative andconstructionist approach. The research is conducted through a thematic analysis ofcompanies’ external communication in the form of websites, sustainability reports, and otherpublic documents. Six companies within the travel industry are analyzed: two within aviation,two within bus transportation, and two within ferry/shipping transportation. The analysis isbased on legitimacy theory, sustainability paradox, and an ethical perspective to examine howsustainability is constructed and communicated in the material.

Empirical Material: The empirical section first presents an overall climate context andgeneral statistics regarding the climate impact, emission levels, and sustainability challengesof the transport sector. This section is based on public sources and statistics fromorganizations such as the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Statistics Sweden(SCB), and the IPCC, and functions as a reference framework for the study’s analysis.Thereafter, the companies’ sustainability communication and sustainability reporting arepresented based on identified themes and patterns. The material is analyzed both within eachmode of transport and through comparisons between aviation, bus, and ferry companies. Thefocus lies on how companies describe responsibility, climate impact, innovation,technological solutions, and sustainability engagement, as well as how the communicationrelates to the companies’ actual reporting and the broader climate context.

Conclusion: The study shows that sustainability communication functions as a centrallegitimization strategy within the travel industry. At the same time, clear differences emergebetween the different modes of transport. The aviation companies primarily emphasizedfuture technological solutions and innovation in order to manage their high climate impact,while the bus companies to a greater extent portrayed sustainability as something alreadyintegrated into their operations through lower emissions and efficiency. The ferry companiesoccupied an intermediate position where sustainability was communicated through gradualimprovements and alternative solutions. The results also show that the companies’communication often contains both substantive and symbolic elements, where sustainabilityis used to meet increasing expectations from stakeholders while continued travel issimultaneously normalized. The study therefore demonstrates that sustainabilitycommunication in the travel industry is not only about informing stakeholders aboutsustainability efforts, but also about creating credibility and legitimacy in a climate-intensiveindustry.

Keywords: sustainability communication, legitimacy theory, greenwashing, sustainabilityparadox, travel industry, climate impact, sustainability reporting, CSR, sustainability, brandcommunicatio

This study looks at cultural and geographic bias in AI-made images, exploring how the text-toimage system Midjourney version 7 shows Ghana and Sweden differently based on learned visual patterns. As AI images become more common worldwide, the ideas built into these systems have important social and political effects. While past research has shown bias based on demographics in AI, the cultural and location-based sides of that bias have not been studied much. This study fills that gap by using Rose's (2016) Visual Discourse Analysis on 32 images created from four similar prompt types: family, busy street, market, and office workplace. The analysis uses the ideaof the Algorithmic Gaze, combining Said's (1978) Orientalism, Graham's (2010) and Kotliar's(2020) ideas about computational power, and postcolonial visual culture work by Hall (1997) and Lutz and Collins (1993).The study concludes that the Algorithmic Gaze does not invent new biases but inherits and automates existing ones, extending the reach of a colonial representational system into new technological contexts at unprecedented scale. The findings contribute to the growing literature on AI bias by demonstrating that cultural and geographic bias is not incidental but structural, and by showing that addressing it requires historical and political engagement with the archives from which AI training data is drawn, not merely technical mitigation. 

This bachelor's thesis is a comparative legal study of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman(JO) and the French Defender of Rights (Défenseur des droits, DDD). The purpose is toanalyse how their different constitutional and organizational frameworks affect their roles as guarantors of the rule of law. Using legal dogmatic and comparative methods, the study examines the independence, mandate, and effectiveness of these institutions. The results show that while JO functions as a legal guide with supervision also over courts, DDD acts as a broad protector of rights with a focus on accessibility. The conclusion highlights that these institutional differences reflect distinct constitutional traditions and conceptions of oversight.While the Swedish model prioritizes legal certainty, consistency, and normative authority through a narrowly defined but deep supervisory mandate, the French model emphasizes accessibility, flexibility, and individual rights to protection through a broader and more integrated institutional design. As a result, JO:s effectiveness lies primarily in its long term normative impact on public administration, whereas DDD:s strength is found in its capacity to provide immediate accessibility and broader mandates may come at the cost of reduced enforceability, illustrating an inherent trade-off between normative authority and practical responsiveness in ombudsman institutions.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how Swedish listed companies communicate goodwill impairments in their annual reports and which factors are presented as explanations for these impairments. The study is based on the research question: How do companies explain their goodwill impairments and which factors are identified as causes ofthe impairment? Goodwill is a debated accounting item because impairment testing is based on management’s own assessments and assumptions, which may affect both when impairments are recognized and how they are explained. The study is based on a qualitative content analysis of annual reports from 36 Swedish listed companies on NASDAQ OMX Stockholm during the period 2020-2024. The analysis is conducted using a developed analytical framework in which companies’ explanations are categorized as internal factors, external factors, a combination of internal and external factors, silence and formulation. The results show that companies’ explanations vary in both content and level of detail. Some companies provide extensive and company-specific explanations, while others provide limited or no qualitative explanations at all. The study also shows that external explanations occur to a limited extent, despite the period being characterized by economic uncertainty. This suggests that goodwill impairments are often presented as events managed through internal assessments, strategic decisions or a combination of factors. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that goodwill impairments are not merely accounting-related decisions, but also a form of strategic communication through which companies influence how the impairment are understood.

This bachelor’s thesis in the field of History analyzes the journal Iduna: En Skrift för den Nordiska Fornålderns Älskare, published by the Geatish Society (Göthiska Förbundet) between 1811-1845. The study investigates how the Geatish Society utilized the journal to construct a national identity and how the political discourse regarding the estate society and meritocracy were articulated in said journal during a period of significant societal transition. Using a qualitative critical discourse analysis, the research is supported by Stuart Hall’s identity theory and Benedict Anderson’s concept of imagined communities to examine how the society added to and was influenced by identity discourses surrounding nation, culture, history and politics. The aim is to understand how the Geatish Society was promoting their national identity in Iduna, and to discuss their reasonings based on their political and societal commentary.  

The thesis reveals that the Geatish Society reacted against the perceived moral decline of their era and the individualistic mindset of the people by seeking roots in an idealized old Norse past. Their strategies to promote their national identity involved creating poetry and music, and by writing about archeology, scaldic poetry, history and Nordic mythology. The goal was ultimately to create an emotional connection to the motherland and a connection between its inhabitants in the form of an imagined community, as well as legitimize the society’s members as moral and intellectual guides. Simultaneously, the results indicate a clear intent to maintain the structures of the estate society. The society argues that the peasantry best preserved the original Swedish “folk spirit” through their physical labor and their close relationship to nature. They also argued that the aristocrats were the sensible and governing estate that were meant to be the educated and intellectual. They were strongly against the development of meritocracy in the lower estates, as it would mean a less clear distinction between the estates, but were open to splitting the aristocracy into an intellectual elite. The thesis concludes that the national identity presented in Iduna could potentially have functioned as a unifying imagined community designed to bridge class conflicts during Sweden’s meritocratic evolution. 

 The purpose of this study is to examine how Swedish listed manufacturing companies report Scope 3 emissions in their annual and sustainability reports and how this reporting has changed in connection with the implementation of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, CSRD. The study is based on a qualitative document analysis of annual and sustainability reports from 22 Swedish companies within the manufacturing industry. By comparing reports from 2022 and 2025 the study analyzes changes in the scope, structure, methodological descriptions and presentation of Scope 3 emissions reporting. The analysis is based on institutional isomorphism, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory, which are used to understand how regulatory pressure, legitimacy-seeking behavior and stakeholder expectations influence corporate reporting practices.  The findings show that Scope 3 reporting has developed from broad and narrative climate communication into a more formalized, technical and quantitative reporting practice. In the 2025 reports Scope 3 is to a greater extent treated as a distinct reporting area with clearer references to the value chain, emission categories, data sources, calculation methods and methodological limitations. The study identifies five central reporting practices: technical and quantitative reporting, selective transparency, value chain-based reporting, solution-oriented presentation, and disclosure of methodological uncertainties. The analysis shows that this development can be understood as a result of institutional pressure, legitimacy-seeking behavior and increasing stakeholder demands for transparency. The implementation of CSRD has contributed to more structured and partly more standardized reporting. However, the results also show that significant variation remains between companies. Scope 3 reporting continues to be characterized by selectivity, uncertainty and methodological differences which limits comparability between companies. The study thereby contributes to an increased understanding of how new regulatory requirements influence corporate sustainability reporting in practice. 

Denna studie undersökte hur svenska nyhetsmedier framställer kapplöpningen om artificiell

intelligens (AI) mellan USA och Kina. Syftet var att analysera vilka frames som används i

rapporteringen samt hur föreställningar om makt, säkerhet och framtid gestaltas i relation

till AI. Studien utgick från framingteori med fokus på Entmans fyra ramfunktioner:

problemdefinitioner, orsaksförklaringar, moraliska bedömningar och lösningsförslag,

samt sociotechnical imaginaries. Även horse race journalism och threat framing användes

som analytiska perspektiv. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av 28 artiklar

från Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Aftonbladet, Expressen och Dagens Industri,

publicerade under perioden första oktober 2025 till sista mars 2026. Resultatet visar att AI

ofta gestaltas som en geopolitisk maktfråga där USA och Kina framställs som konkurrenter

i en teknologisk kapplöpning. Rapporteringen präglas av tävlingslogik, säkerhetsfrågor

och framtidsvisioner om innovation och samhällsförändring. Studien visar att svenska

nyhetsmedier inte enbart rapporterar om AI-utvecklingen utan också bidrar till att forma

förståelsen av teknik, makt och framtid genom specifika tolkningsramar.

This essay tries to investigate the views held by Marquis de Sade and the film director Pier PaoloPasolini on the consumption of bodies and the relation to mass consumerism pertaining to neoliberalcapitalism. For this end, the text 120 Days in Sodom and the films Salò and Porcile have been studied.The bodies of others, turned into goods, is according to de Sade a right of the libertines. The productionof these 'goods' are dependent on the poor, as a social class, and the availability of pecuniary assets arenecessary for the procurement, as is violence. Pasolini stresses the transformation of bodies intoconsumer goods as a consequence of the industrialisation of Italy and the mass consumerism driven bythe neoliberal forces in power. The fact that the bodies of boys, girls and women always have beenbought and sold is discussed, and also in relation to the present, mass consumption of pornography.Also, the difference between the female and the male body is discussed in this regard. The analysis alsoshows that Pasolini succeeded in his effort to make the film Salò not fit for consumption and antipornographicby seeing the bodies as fragments of reality, non-interchangeable and irreplaceable.

Videogames can evoke markedly different emotional experiences,yet it remains difficult to explain how such differences emerge.This paper examines videogame emotions through the concepts ofbody genres and the protective frame. Drawing on Linda Williams’theory of body genres and Apter’s concept of the protective frame,we analyse how games produce intense bodily and emotional responses while maintaining a sense of safety that allows players toengage with disturbing or transgressive situations. Through examples from horror, melodramatic, and pornographic games, includingThe Medium, Silent Hill 3, and The Last of Us Part II,we show howgameplay structures elicit fear, disgust, empathy, and arousal. Whenthe protective frame destabilises, these experiences may shift fromhedonic enjoyment toward more reflective, eudaimonic engagement.

Recent platform crackdowns on adult content, driven by payment processors and anti-porn advocacy groups, have made platform governance an increasingly important issue for game developers. Adult games provide a visible case of how moderation policies reshape both distribution and design practices. This paper presents exploratory findings based on analysing multiple versions of pornographic games and tracking content changes around moments when new platform restrictions were introduced. The analysis identifies three recurring adaptation strategies: (1) modifying content to meet platform standards, (2) externalising explicit material through (Semi)official patches, and (3) using Code words that preserve meaning while avoiding explicit categorisation. These practices suggest that developers and players rely on shared folk theories of discovery to navigate regulatory constraints. Rather than producing simple compliance, platform censorship appears to reorganise adult game ecosystems and shape design decisions, influencing how themes are represented, mechanics communicate meaning, and content is modularised across platforms.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the educational ideals (svenska: bildningsideal) of the Swedish social democratic literary critic and educationist Erik Hedén (1875-1925) and see how it relates to the Swedish labour-movement and democratization of Sweden during the early 20th century. The analysis is done from the theoretical viewpoint of Marxist theorist Antonio Gramscis concept of hegemony and intellectuals. According to Gramsci a revolution is done through the replacement of an existing hegemony that maintains its power through making its ideology common sense. A central part in creating a new understanding and ideology has the radical intellectual unlike the traditional intellectual that maintains the hegemony. Erik Hedén wrote for Swedish newspaper Social-Demokraten and other journals, he wrote on subjects like literature, politics and education also on cultural issues in general. After his passing a share of his texts was published in a five-volume collection of which two are objects of this study. The study shows that Hedén takes most of his ideals from the antiquity and so also his educational ones. Partly central in his educational ideals is science but mostly classical education with its roots in ancient Greece. For Hedén it is unjust that the working class does not get this education and he wants to change that. The study shows that Erik Hedén cannot be counted as a revolutionary intellectual that wants to replace the existing hegemony. Hedén does not want to create a new ideology or understanding, rather he wants to keep alive the classical way of thinking. Although some of Hedéns reasoning and argumentation can be recognized as part of gramscian thought he cannot be counted as a revolutionary intellectual. 

This report examines how Sweden has governed climate-related mobilities (CCM) over the past four decades, arguing that climate change and migration debates have been present but largely marginal and highly fragmented in national politics. Using a climate mobilities lens, it understands CCM as multiple, interconnected forms of movement (displacement, migration, planned relocation, immobility) shaped by social-ecological and political relations, rather than as a linear effect of environmental change. Methodologically, the study combines discourse analysis of around 180 parliamentary and official documents (1980s–2020s) with roughly 40 reports from key agencies and think tanks, plus four expert interviews, to trace discursive trajectories and governance practices across policy fields.

The analysis identifies three main periods. From 1985 to the early 2000s, Swedish debates centred on “environmental refugees”, initially framed as victims in the Global South but quickly linked to European conflicts and Chernobyl, leading to a distinctive clause in the 1989 Aliens Act that provided protection for people displaced by environmental disasters. This phase combined solidarity and historical responsibility narratives with early efforts to embed environmental displacement into refugee law and EU-level cooperation.

From the mid-2000s to 2020, “climate refugees” replaced “environmental refugees” and CCM was increasingly discussed through climate governance and adaptation, often via development cooperation and “climate aid”, with Bangladesh becoming a symbolic hotspot. Sweden sought to present itself as a climate-transition leader, promoting CCM in Nordic and EU arenas, but at home the special legal clause was rarely used and ultimately removed in 2021 to align with EU asylum law, amid a broader shift towards restrictive migration policy.

After 2020, CCM discourses have pluralised but remain scattered across migration/asylum, development cooperation, and climate adaptation, with growing emphasis on climate aid, security, and preparedness, and a new tendency to fold CCM into green-transition labour needs. Internal climate-related (im)mobilities within Sweden are only weakly acknowledged, mainly as short-term evacuation rather than as structural mobility or displacement.

The report concludes that Swedish CCM governance is contingent and shaped by shifting interactions between refugee governance, development aid, and environmental policy, with no single institution clearly responsible. It warns that current trajectories risk “developmentalising” and technocratising CCM, sidelining protection and rights, and calls for more coherent, rights-based and multi-scalar approaches, including renewed legal innovation, stronger EU–Nordic cooperation, explicit integration of (im)mobilities into climate and development policy, and support for intersectional, agency-centred research on climate mobilities.