The aim of this thesis is to analyze discussions on feminist language change focusing on the period 1960–2015. The data comprises discussions from three different contexts: feminist communities, public forums for discussion on the internet and official language organizations.
The analyzed data from the feminist communities consists of a range of different sources of text, for example newspapers, magazines, novels from the women’s movement, lesbian poetry, queer and trans*activist blogs, biographies, comics and plays, to name but a few. In addition to this two focus group discussions were conducted with five teenaged and five adult activists, each with a queer and/or trans*activist background. The data for the analyses of the discussions in public internet forums consists of 1 865 negative reactions to feminists’ language interventions. For the analyses of the reactions from the official language organizations, data was culled from 16 handbooks with language recommendations from the Language Council of Sweden and the Swedish Academy.
My central research interest is how the actors in these three contexts understand and describe the relation between language and gender, and between strategic language change and changes in the social, non-linguistic world. Furthermore I investigate in which forms of gender-related discrimination the language changes are supposed to intervene. I adopt a critical discourse analytic and interdisciplinary approach that combines linguistic theories and methods with those from Gender Studies.
The results show that Swedish language activists from the 1960s to the 1990s focused on linguistic interventions aimed at challenging patriarchal norms. In the 1980s homosexual activists, especially lesbian activists, began to intervene in heteronormative concepts. Until around the middle of the 1990s feminists acted from a binary concept of gender. From then on, queer and trans*activists have tried to challenge the idea of two, stable and natural gender categories. Language activists have seen language as performative and a tool for constructing reality. Even those who react negatively in forums on the internet to feminist language change assume that language has performative effects on the conceptualization of gender. The official language organizations, on the other hand, describe language in their recommendations mostly as something unpolitical that reflects rather than constructs society.