This study was performed within the Interreg project «Biological cultural heritage as a sustainablevalue creator». The focus of the project has been to show the potential that small-scale producers havein highlighting natural and cultural values connected to their food production. The consumer surveypresented in this report was conducted at two different places in Sweden and two in Norway. InSweden, the survey took place in Gävleborg County, at the food festival Moläta in Järvsö and at thesummer farm Svedbovallen outside of Järvsö. In Norway, similar surveys were conducted inTrøndelag, at the summer farm Eggjenseteren in Snåsa and at the delicatessen Mathallen Smak ogBehag in Oppdal. The survey was conducted as a combination of questionnaire and follow-upinterview. We are also discussing the results from a pilot study performed at the Gregorian Market inSweden. The consumer survey focuses on four main themes: a) how the informant/customer viewsthis type of local artisan food companies and what they appreciate when visiting them, b) what thecustomer associates with such local food products, c) what natural values and biological culturalheritage they associate with such products, d) the background of the customer / informant.About half of the informants in this survey responded that they are familiar with the concept of«biological cultural heritage». But as the link between local food products and natural and culturalheritage is not clear to all customers, there is a potential in disseminating this knowledge further, thuscontributing to strengthen both the economy and the sustainability of the business. The results alsoshow that many of the customers value the experience of visiting such outlets. This can includeexperiences related to volunteer work, drinking coffee, experiencing special landscapes and havingclose contact with animals. The social aspects when visiting the food festival, the market, the summerfarm or the local outlet for niche products are something influencing the customers' experience of theproducts. Many of the informants / customers in this survey turned out to have an indirect / historicalgeographical connection to the point of sale. Consequently, the results show that it often is importantto contact emigrants, cottage owners and other local/regional tourists/tourism actors to form a goodcustomer base for both the products and experiences offered.Our results show that the sale of local food products ought to be considered as just a part of an overallexperience offered. The products, together with the experiences and activities should be seen as apackage that customers are willing to pay extra for. Small-scale artisan food producers shouldtherefore focus on the holistic concept of their business and not just the quality of the food products.
This article highlights how farm dairies in Jämtland combine gastronomy and tourism as an integral part or a component in their marketing strategies. These activities have been promoted and supported by authorities and NGO’s. Farm dairies contribute to tourism by producing gastronomic products that can be served by local restaurants and hotels, but they are also visiting targets for tourists and create important work opportunities in the villages. As a precursor in using gastronomy and tourism to promote regional development the experiences of Jämtland are of a high relevance for the future development in Sweden
Research on gender and entrepreneurship, is a broad field of research developed in the intersection between theories about entrepreneurship and gender and feminist theory. Within this research field labor, family and the state are the key elements. The gender perspective is one of society's most important organizing principles and entrepreneurship is seen as important for promoting growth, creating jobs, etc. The study of gender and entrepreneurship in combination is therefore important to understand the forces that shape our history, our present and our future.
This book is the result of a workshop organized by the Research Center Enter Forum, at Södertörn University in December 2015. The theme of the workshop was Policy, Entrepreneurship and Gender. Starting from a gender perspective, the papers presented analyzed how economic development and social processes has led to the emergence of new industries, and how technology and policy in cooperation may outcrowd women’s participation in certain industries. Additional topics are the impact of gender on firms ability to survive in the long term; How women entrepreneurs see women in business; How social entrepreneurship can be the catalyst for women's rights; And the the challenges and opportunities of female equine entrepreneurs in urban businesses encounter in their daily activities
The use and implementation of Geographical Indications (GI) is a wellestablished practice in most EU countries. Previous studies show thatthe use of PDOs and PGIs is directly related to previous experiencesas well as the relative importance of the agro-food sector in a country'seconomy. In the case of Sweden, the agro-food sector has beenoriented towards continuous structural rationalization since at least the1930's. However, the transformation pressure exerted by a risingcompetitive level in the market, that emanates both from global aswell as regional European sources led to the adoption of newstrategies. These strategies entail the on-farm elaboration of farmproduce, the diversification of activities as well as the use ofcertification schemes. In the case of Kalixlöjrom, the strategy selectedwas the adoption of a PDO, as a way of entering a valorisation processfor export purposes as well as defending the product against dislojalcompetition of products with less quality. As this is the firstexperience with a PDO in Sweden, the case of Kalixlöjrom caviaroffers a rare opportunity to understand the actual problems inimplementing a policy tool developed by Southern European countriesin a country like Sweden. Thus the article highlights the institutionaland structural shortcomings discovered in this process and offers newknowledge and reflections valuable for the future adaptation andimplementation of previously unknown policy instruments
This chapter studies the internationalization of the Swedish–Danish dairy corporation Arla. During a period of 100 years the dairy sector went from being at the focus of national and regional interest, the industry has become global. In some geographical markets, or in particular market areas, these transnationals – corporations as well as cooperatives – may compete fiercely, and their growth strategy is often to merge with or acquire local producers. However, these multinational firms also actively cooperate in other areas (e.g. in branding or distribution) or on other geographical markets. This may take the form of strategic alliances, such as joint ventures. Thus, coopetition – cooperation and competition – has been a common recent strategy. In the case at focus in this study, Arla Foods a.m.b.a. mergers are conducted with cooperatives in European countries, while businesses that are located further away are taken care of through exports and joint ventures. The main contribution of this article is that it employs internationalization theory and places the globalization of cooperatives in the middle of the academic discussion about internationalization. A recommendation for further studies is to both dig deeper into the changing nature of cooperatives historically, but also to look closer at the strategic deals that global expansion of cooperatives is based on.
Over the last decades a great effort for rural development policies in Sweden has been to find windows of opportunity for the future, to promote new types of enterprises, to support farm and firm diversification, to identify novel business models and in general promote growth. But while many concrete measures have focused on lowering the entry barriers to the market and support the supply side of the rural economy, a glimpse on the emerging technological paradigm, e.g. internet based development and social technologies, indicates that new solutions are possible. In this article we address the following question: Can Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) in combination with social technologies promote rural entrepreneurship and economic growth?
Företag är självklara inslag i det moderna ekonomiska livet. Människor har i århundraden startat och drivit företag, de har köpt varor och tjänster av företag och säkert i många omständigheter även sålt, varor eller tjänster till företag, eller den egna arbetskraften mot en löneersättning. Företag spelar en mycket viktig roll i samhällsekonomin. Genom att producera varor och tjänster koordinerar företag användningen av resurser i form av råvaror, arbetskraft, teknologi och kapital. Utan företag skulle var och en av oss behöva lägga oändligt mycket tid på att få tag på sådant som vi behöver för att tillgodose våra grundläggande behov. Att behöva producera allt vi behöver skulle också vara tidsödande, dyrt och leda till stora välfärdsförluster både för samhället och för enskilda individer. En effekt av att företag organiserar produktionen av varor och tjänster är att de specialiserar sig på en eller ett fåtal varor och tjänster. Detta gör att de genom sina erfarenheter och interna kunskapsutveckling kan effektivisera produktionen så att vi kan nyttja de resurser som varje företag tar i anspråk på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt. Företag är dock inte en enhetlig massa. Det finns små, medelstora och riktigt stora företag. Företag kan vara privat eller statligt ägda och några verkar väldigt lokalt, medan andra verkar i många olika länder samtidigt. På grund av sin speciella ställning i samhällsekonomin har företaget och företagandet haft en självklar roll som studieobjekt inom ekonomisk historia. Detta kapitel ger en översikt över de viktigaste forskningsfrågorna och teman inom ekonomisk historisk forskning.
The lion’s share of entrepreneurship research highlights conditions in core regions, while entrepreneurship in peripheral areas has been less studied. This longitudinal study aims at exploring the interplay between the peripheral contexts of island and archipelago communities and firm outcomes - paying special attention to spatial variations and non-linear temporal dimensions. We focus on the survival of all firms active on 17 islands in the Stockholm archipelago, Sweden during a 20-year period (2000-2019). Using longitudinal multilevel modelling, we find that - despite being a seemingly ‘homogeneous’ place - spatial and temporal variations, however small, would have substantial effects on the conditions for everyday entrepreneurship in these communities. Our results show that firms located on islands with higher population density and seasonal dependability face increased probabilities of exit, while access to digital ecosystems, local services in the form of kindergartens, and year-round grocery stores decrease the probabilities of exit. Islands with thicker institutional context, indicating trust and community support, lead to higher survival rates.
A lion's share of entrepreneurship research highlights conditions on core-regions, while entrepreneurship in peripheral areas has been less studied. This study aims at exploring the interplay between the context of island and archipelago communities and firm outcomes – paying special attention to spatial variations and non-linear temporal dimensions. Our focus lies in firms founded in 17 islands of Stockholm Archipelago, from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2019. Using longitudinal multilevel modelling, we find that — despite a seemingly ’homogeneous’ place — spatial and temporal variations, however small, would have substantial effects on the conditions for entrepreneurship in these communities. Our results show that firms located in islands with higher population density and seasonal dependability face increased probabilities of exit while those in islands with access to digital ecosystems, local services in the form of kindergartens and year-round grocery stores have decreased probabilities of exit. Islands with thicker institutional context, indicating trust and community support, are related to increasing survival rates. Distance to market was found to be insignificant in terms of survival.
De vilda åkerbären är en alltmer sällsynt och utrotningshotad del av vårt biologiska kulturarv, men de är också en inspirationskälla till litteratur och konst och på grund av sin smak och doft är den också en mycket uppskattad norrländsk delikatess. Denna populärvetenskapliga bok belyser historien om bäret, om de försök som gjorts för att domesticera bäret, den forskning den gett upphov till, samt hur den gestaltats i vår dåtid och samtid. Boken omfattar också ett antal recept författade av kocken, konditorn och kokboksförfattaren Jan Hedh.
Before the new world became a concept related to the upswing of wines from Australia, Latin America, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States, occasionally, wines from these countries could be sold in countries like Sweden. One such point in time was during WWII, when importing wines from Europe became impossible and a very short window of trade opened-up between Argentina, Chile and Sweden. This paper partially describes this story, based on the scarce sources found at the archive of the former Museum of Wines and Spirits in Stockholm. The purpose of the paper is to shed light on the amount of wine imports from Argentina and Chile during the trade window between Sweden, Argentina and Chile caused by WWII. Some sources analyzed are sales statistics of the Swedish wholesale and import monopoly Aktiebolaget Vin & Spritcentralen, price lists of the regional alcohol monopoly in Stockholm (Stockholmssystemet) and by analyzing the labels of the wines found in the archive. Some of the questions to be answered are: How much wine from Argentina and Chile was sold during the studied period? Who were the exporters? Why was this trade window opened and closed?
This article highlights the outcomes of the implementation of the New Culinary Country program implemented in to facilitate and speed up the emergence of the new rurality in Sweden. Based on results from focus groups and one group interview conducted in eight landscapes/counties during 2013 and a state initiated evaluation of the NCCP, the study answers the following questions: What does the NCCP mean in terms of governance? How is power distributed and if possible, which are the consequences of this new governance regime? Which are the main challenges and opportunities of and for the NCCP? The results show that the NCCP has led to a higher degree of regional coordination of actions and resources at regional level. Cooperation and coordination in turn have proved to be the main factors behind the most successful experiences.
The article highlights the implementation of the New Culinary Country Program (NCCP, Sverige det Nya Matlandet), implemented to speed up the emergence of a new rurality in Sweden. Based on results of focus groups and one group interview conducted in eight counties/landscapes in in 2013 and a state initiated evaluation of the NCCP, the study answers the following questions: What has been achieved by the policy change so far? Which are the main challenges and opportunities created by the NCCP so far? Results show that the NCCP has stimulated a higher degree of regional coordination of resources and stakeholders at regional level. In the succesful cases, cooperation and coordination has been the key factor behind succes.
Over the last decades a remarkable process of rural development based on the revival of local culinary heritage has been set in motion all over Sweden. In Västernorrland and Jämtland, two counties that share the same culinary heritage and history and at least in some parts, have common geographical features, the shift towards this culinary place based development has been quite different. Differences can partly be explained through institutional explanations. But as will be showed by this study, there are also important historical and other reasons behind different patterns. What was left of a once common culinary heritage has been decisive for the possibility of economic success. In this article the main emphasis is put on how the nature and character of culinary heritage influences the possibility of promoting rural development.
This article highlights the impact of the of the hydro-power plant Alto Maipo, on a localized agri-food system (LAFS) in Cajón del Maipo (Chile). Although extensive research was done before starting the construction of Alto Maipo, the possible impact on transhumance and thereby on the ancient LAFS in the area that carries important elements of the cultural heritage and national identity has until now been neglected. Results show how an exogenous impact on the local institutions that linked landscape, people, animals and products together in the conformation of a LAFS have been disturbed through the creation of alternative income opportunities and enforced change. Current events generated alternative short term income opportunities, but also a long term negative impact on livelihoods and nature.
Este artículo hace énfasis en el impacto que la planta hidroeléctrica Alto Maipo tiene en el sistema agroalimentario localizado en el Cajón del Maipo, Chile. La pregunta a responder es: Que tipo de impacto/externalidad positiva o negativa ha ejercido la construcción de la planta Alto Maipo sobre la transhumancia en el area? Una importante conclusion del estudio piloto es que a pesar de que se realizó una extensa investigación previa la construcción del Alto Maipo, los posibles impactos sobre la transhumancia y por lo tanto en antiguos sistemas agroalimentarios localizados en el área han sido altamente descuidados. Hasta la fecha, los resultados muestran cómo un impacto exógeno en las instituciones locales, que unian el paisaje, las personas, los animales y los productos han sido alterados a través de la creación de oportunidades alternativas de ingresos y han forzado el cambio. Los acontecimientos actuales generaron oportunidades de ingreso alternativas en el corto plaxo, pero tambien generaron impactos negativos de largo plazo en los modos de vida y en la naturaleza.
This book is the result of a workshop about localized agri-food systems held at biannual conference of the International Farming Systems Association in 2010. All articles depart from the reality experienced by rural agents in Europe. Some of the main concerns of rural Europe today include institutional and cultural questions, socio-economic perspectives as well as urgent environmental topics. All of these perspectives are present in this book.
A common point of departure of most articles is small scale agriculture and/or local food production. Several of the contributions highlight the growing concerns about food freshness and food security, which are often linked to a demand for traditional cuisine. Some chapters also underline the importance of cooperation between small-scale farmers and food artisans, including their market and branding strategies. European and international branding/quality schemes, such as PDO/PGI, regional trademarks and the Ark of Taste are thoroughly analyzed and linked to the articulation of localized agri-food systems. The contributions also highlight an interesting contrast in the perception of “local” and the strategies of territorial organization used in in different parts of Europe.
Between 1974 and 2005 the Chilean dairy sector went from being dependent on imports of dairy products to being a net exporter. The transformation was caused by increased and more efficient production. New technologies were introduced and output shifted from low quality commodities to products of higher quality. While previous research largely focused on other agricultural subsectors and mainly highlighted internal/national causes behind development, such as state market relations, this article contributes with new knowledge by studying changes in the dairy sector highlighting the impact of globalization. The main findings are that increased competition at global level changed the strategies of transnational dairy companies and gave rise to global sourcing strategies. In spite the fact that liberalization in Chile increased the process of structural rationalization, it is in the headquarters of transnational companies that decisions on what to produce and where are made. Thus, the shift towards an export driven development was mainly caused by the process of globalization of the industry. However, some of the actions of the state, through improving conditions for the supply side of the economy, paved the way for the development of the sector.
The so-called Chilean economic miracle during the 1980s and 1990s connotes not only high-speed economic growth but also a profound structural transformation of the Chilean economy. Most previous research ascribes growth and transformation to the liberalisation of markets and other neo-liberal policy instruments introduced after 1974. Policies, before as well as after 1974, have indeed been important for creating preconditions for growth and transformation. However, in the present study it is argued that by overemphasising the role of polices one may partly disregard the historical process by which capitalist forms of organisation have gained momentum in the productive system as new technologies worked have their way into the agricultural sector. In this study, the dynamics of the transformation of Chilean agriculture are analysed by using the methodological tools offered by the Dahménian theory of Development Blocks. Empirically the study delves into three different sub-sectors (wine, fruit and milk) with the purpose to portray the transformation of both export agriculture and traditional agriculture. The study focused technical renewal as a key part of the modernisation process. The main conclusion of the study is that the modernisation of Chilean agriculture was caused by the transformation pressure emanating from the market. However, the selective institutions that paved the way for the successful entry of capitalism in Chilean agriculture were ironically mainly created under the land reforms during the structuralist and socialist periods of the 1960s and early 1970s.
Rapporten sammanfattar resultatet från åtta fokusgrupper, samt intervjuer, seminarier och en enkät som genomfördes under 2013 i syfte att ta fram ett underlag för hur vi skall bygga gastronomiska regioner i Sverige.
Projektets huvudfrågor var: 1. Vad är gastronomiska regioner i ett svenskt sammanhang? 2. Hur skall gastronomiska regioner byggas i Sverige? 3. Vad kan satsningen heta?
På förslag från deltagarna föreslås att satsningen framgent skall heta kulinariska regioner. Dessutom föreslås en handlingsplan som bygger på fem identifierade områden, nämligen en tydlig organisation och ledarskap; framtagning av en terroiratlas på nationell och regional nivå; satsa på marknadsutveckling; att utveckla regional unikitet och särart; samt att tillämpa de sistnämnda. Projektet genomfördes på uppmaning frånLlandsbygdsdepartementet som ett samarbete mellan Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund, Restaurangakademien och Södertörns högskola.
This chapter presents a review of some of the most important contributions in the field of gender and entrepreneurship in Sweden. The gender perspective is one of society's most important organizing principles, while entrepreneurship is seen as important for promoting growth, creating jobs, etc. The study of gender and entrepreneurship in combination is therefore important to understand the forces that shape our history, our present and our future. This field of research focuses on the study of the entrepreneur, enterprise, entrepreneurship, business relevant organizations, industries, and business and how these are affected by gender issues and gender contracts. It involves formal and informal institutional arrangements that influence, highlights and explains differences in conditions for women and men in employment and in their roles as business owners, as well as the socio-economic consequences of the same. Gender orders put an imprint on both the public and private sectors, the division of labor inside and outside the home, in education, in the allocation of resources in society, etc. Gender issues are embedded in a variety of institutional and contextual circumstances and for instance also of a dimension and such class of ethnicity. Therefore intersectionality both a common and important approaches in gender studies in general and in the study of gender and entrepreneurship in particular. Today therefore research on female and male immigrant entrepreneurship and conditions of the same are becoming more frequent, but also how the deregulation of the public sector has funneled low-income people, mainly women in health care to low-profit businesses. The chapter also raises the recent criticism raised about how this research field has now matured and a need to move towards more critical and problem oriented research is needed. The critical voices argue that improving and increasing the contextualization of research by problematizing the state's support to women in business, to analyze the restructuring of the public sector restructuring, which in practice promotes entrepreneurship and entrepreneurialism is a viable way to address current shortcomings in current research.
Idag är vin en ganska vanlig dryck i Sverige. Men det var först under 1900–talets andra hälft som vinkonsumtionen ökade. Varför blev vin så populärt i Sverige? Och vilken roll spelade 1950–talets samhällsförändringar i nämnda utveckling? Tidigare forskning brukar lyfta två huvudförklaringar till att det konsumeras vin i Sverige. Den första betonar att vinet blev ett substitut till brännvin under motbokstiden (1919–1955). Den andra hävdar att den ökade vinkonsumtionen berodde på den vinpropaganda som lanserades av Systembolaget under 1958 med syfte att minska alkoholkonsumtionen genom att förmå befolkningen att ersätta konsumtion av brännvin, med konsumtion av drycker med lägre alkoholhalt. Båda hypoteserna verkar rimliga, men förklaringarna förenklar bilden av det som skedde eftersom de bortser från de stora sociala, ekonomiska och kulturella förändringar som ägde rum i Sverige, särskilt efter andra världskrigets slut. I ekonomisk neoklassisk teori behandlas förändringar i konsumtion i relation till de marknadsförutsättningar som konsumenten upplever vid en viss tidpunkt. I teorin antas konsumenten kunna fatta rationella beslut och variabler som pris anses vara centrala för konsumentens köpbeslut, därför antas exempelvis skatter kunna påverka den mängd alkohol som konsumeras i ett land. Men det finns många andra faktorer som påverkar konsumtion av alkohol. Under de senaste decennierna har exempelvis sambandet mellan modernisering och vinkonsumtion uppmärksammats i en rad empiriska studier om EU:s vinproducerande länder. Men även kulturella faktorer och dolda samhällsstrukturer rörande vad som är accepterat beteende liksom socialt och kulturellt inbäddade normer som påverkar konsumtionen av alkohol har alltmer betonats. Därtill kopplas alkohol ofta till skapandet och firandet av olika typer av traditioner och kulturuttryck. Denna artikel syftar till att ge en vidgad förklaring till orsakerna bakom ökningen av vinkonsumtion i Sverige efter andra världskriget genom att belysa ett bredare socialt och kulturellt perspektiv. Artikelns fokus ligger på ”lättviner”, dvs. den produkt som vi idag till vardags benämner som vin. Källorna utgörs av årsböcker, offentliga rapporter, samtida tidningsartiklar, tidigare forskning, samt intervjuer. I så stor utsträckning som möjligt har triangulering av källor tillämpats.
The Argentinean wine sector experienced several over production or financial crises’ sincethe late 19th Century. Exports therefore might have been a regular option for survival, butthese have until now been neglected by researchers. In the case of Chile, exports have beenknown, but have not attracted too much interest, because very few scholars have had anyinterest in the history of the wine sector. This essay aims to make a purely empiricalcontribution with previously unknown sources about Swedish imports of wines fromArgentina and Chile. The article contains a full presentation of available primary sources onthe imports of wines from Argentina and Chile in Sweden before 1955. Even though it is notpossible to offer full answers with such a scarce material the article describes the economicwindow opened up in Sweden during the Second World War. Some of the questionsanswered are: How did the economic window in Sweden open up and close down? Howmuch wine from Argentina and Chile was imported and consumed? Which wines wereimported and consumed? Who produced these wines?
The chapter studies the development of the dairy sector from a gender perspective from the early 1900s to today. During the first part of the century agriculture was modernized and milk processing moved out from the farms and into the emerging food industry. During this process technological change was one of the main driving forces behind the outcrowding of women, who dominated the elaboration of dairy products, by men who became dominant in the emerging industry. During the outset of the 20th century, on-farm elaboration of dairy products became marginalized and decimated as a farm activity. But since the 1970’s farm elaboration of dairy products has made a comeback and has become and emblematic case for the emergence of the new rurality in Sweden. Results show that the prevalance of female examples has contributed to inspire women into starting new businesses within the trade, this is why the majority of the business owners within the trade are women. The main challenges for this trade are not related to gender issues, but are the result of the struggle between the productivist production system in which farm elaboration of food had no place and the post-modern one, in which farm elaboration and a variety of farm sizes (including small ones) are key elements. Farm dairy owners are therefore called ”jam makers” by representatives of the old structure. But despite the resistance, farm dairy owners are slowly creating new spaces for their businesses and creating a gradual change of current institutional arrangements.
During the last decades the trade with agricultural products in Latin America has changed dramatically. For some countries like Argentina and Chile, this change represents a major shift from dependency on imports or self-sufficiency, to export orientation. The expansion of trade did not happen by accident, it was pursued through the liberalization of trade and the implementation of a set of policies denominated as the Washington Consensus. The advocates of the Washington Consensus identified agriculture as one of the economic sectors that had most to gain from liberalization. More than 20 years of liberalization have passed and a thorough restructuring of agriculture has taken place. In Argentina and Chile, a sustained trade expansion started during the second half of the 1990s, creating a positive balance in the trade with dairy products. Is the expansion of trade caused only by trade liberalization? Are there other important causes? What can we learn from these experiences? These are some of the questions answered by this article.
During the 1980’s collective action was initiated with the purpose of saving the remnants of traditional livestock farming in Jämtland. This led to the articulation of a local agro-food system (LAFS) that managed to commercialize important elements of traditional agriculture by adding elements of modernity. Farm diversification was an important strategy that led to the forward integration of farms that includes the start of small scale farm dairies, farm cafes, direct sales, at the farm, through markets and other local channels, B&Bs and outdoor tourism operations. In the mentioned process, foreign knowledge and experience led to the opening of a new market for traditional products. This case shows that the localization and appropriation of foreign elements can be a fruitful strategy to promote territorial development in regions like Jämtland. This article highlights how a LAFS was articulated within the frame of the birth of a new industry, composed by small, semi-artisan dairy firms and which institutional side effects that this experience has led to.
This article highlights the benefits and constraints, as well as the experiences in working with place based branding in Cantabria (Spain) and Gotland (Sweden). In Cantabria, the main tool for place based branding is the protected designation of origin (PDO) quality scheme, while in Gotland, the main common branding tool is a trademark owned by the municipality and used by all local agents that apply for it. The article highlight the different ways in which these tools have been used.
This articla highlights the articulation of the new rurality in Sweden, exemplified by the emergence of the wine sector. Wine production became possible as a result of climate change and Sweden's EU membership that led to the abolishment of the production and wholesale monopoly. Even though wine production is an old activity in other countries, in Sweden, the establishment of wine production is an innovation and as such a reflection of rural entrepreneurship. But not everything is a saga of success. The case study shows that there are still important constraints against the further development of the sector. In this case, due to path dependency in agricultural and alcohol policy and current Swedish alcohol regulations. Some additional obstacles are the prohibition against gate sales and the inability of farms to meet the scale demands imposed by the public retail monopoly.