Some expulsion decisions cannot be executed due to the existence of deportation impediments, which in this case means that foreigners are in a legal limbo in such a way that they have neither the right to stay nor the opportunity to leave Sweden. The regulation of deportation impediments is found in Aliens Act (2005:716), but it is the application of these regulations that determine how specific cases are assessed, why it is highly relevant to study said cases. 

The essay deals with political, practical and medical impediments, found in Chapter 12 of the Aliens Act, in order to establish the applicable law, and by analyzing ten court cases from the Migration Court of Appeal, study how the court assesses the Swedish Migration Agency's application of these legal barriers. The provisions being studied are chapter 12 1-3 §§ Aliens Act, concerning political impediments, chapter 12 18 § Aliens Act, concerning practical and medical impediments, and also chapter 12 19 § Aliens act which establishes the possibility of a new trial in a case. The applicable law is established through a legal dogmatic method, and the legal cases from the Migration Court of Appeal are analyzed using a legal sociological method. 

The study concludes that political impediments are weighed heaviest in comparison to medical and practical impediments, due to the latter two not being derived from international conventions or instruments as opposed to political impediments. Furthermore, it is easier to present evidence when invoking political impediments, as evidentiary requirements are set lower than those for practical and medical impediments. At the same time the individual has an opportunity to be granted a new trial if he or she invokes a new condition that concerns political impediments, while a new trial cannot be granted if the individual invokes medical or practical impediments. The provisions concerning practical and medical impediments should therefore be developed or amended in such a way that they are adapted to the circumstances that may arise in these cases. It is also concluded that the Swedish Migration Agency's investigation and interpretation of these impediments must be more comprehensive. It must be adapted to the conditions referred to in the case, due to the application of these provisions being complex and requiring the Swedish Migration Agency's staff to be well trained and accurate in each individual case. 

PurposeThis paper aims to examine how Sweden, as a member state of the European Union (EU), has implemented the EU Directive on Public Access to Environmental Information (AEI directive) in the context of the principles of good administration.Design/methodology/approachThis paper adopts the EU law methodology, as this paper mainly examines the implementation of the EU AEI directive by the member states and, as an EU member state, how Sweden used procedural autonomy to implement the EU directive at the national level. The EU law methodology further guides how national laws are to be interpreted considering obligations under the EU law. This paper further applies a comparative review to determine the differences in the approaches used by the AEI directive and relevant Swedish national laws to facilitate access to environmental information.FindingsDespite Sweden used a minimalist approach rather than maximal harmonization while implementing the AEI directive at the national level, the Swedish model of the accessibility and availability of environmental information is fully compliant with the principles of good administration. The Swedish approach has an enormous effect on promoting access to environmental information as an integral part of good governance and fundamental rights.Research limitations/implicationsIt was not possible to perform a comparative review of court cases on relevant issues from different EU member states.Practical implicationsAccess to environmental information could be a tool for environmental democracy and sustainable development.Social implicationsAccess to environmental information could contribute to more public engagement and participation in environmental decision making and hence could make developmental projects more inclusive to meet societal objectives.Originality/valueThis study makes a unique contribution by evaluating access to environmental information in the context of the principles of good administration under EU law.

Parliaments, which are the pillars of democracy, face many challenges to which they have to adapt. In this report the authors focus on some of these challenges.

Emmanuel Cartier analyses the impact of the phenomenon of the acceleration of time on the Parliament’s three functions: legislation, government oversight and scrutiny as well as the represention of society. The analysis is conducted comparatively and includes the Parliament of five European countries and the European Parliament.

Patricia Jonason examines the challenges facing Parliament in terms of representativity, transparency and accountability of elected officials. The analysis focuses on the rules and mechanisms concerning the Swedish Riksdag and on the European standards.

The legal strategies employed by France and Sweden to combat the Covid-19 pandemic differed significantly. Indeed, the articulation of hard law and soft law instruments varied, particularly due to differences in the trust placed by the state in its citizens. Meanwhile, both countries faced the same necessity of implementing efficient and effective standards designed to combat the pandemic. However, the fluctuating context in which these norms were established, along with the difficulty for the intended recipients to distinguish between what was mandatory and what was merely advisory, significantly contributed to the lack of legibility in health regulations in both countries.

With the increase in unaccompanied children in 2015, it has become common to discuss the legal status of unaccompanied children. By the Swedish law persons under the age of 18 are considered to be minors and therefore have no ability to make decisions in personal matters with legally binding effects. A childs case does not always require the same seriousness as adult cases to be able to obtain a residence permit. This leads to at different asylum process for unaccompanied children who lack guardians upon arriving to Sweden. Various assessments are made for unaccompanied children that adults do not need to undergo for a residence permit. Through the legal dogmatic method, an analysis and report has been made in relation to the EU law, current Swedish laws and international commitments that affect unaccompanied childrens rights within Swedish legislation. The courts way of assessing grounds for protection, as well as how these are tried has been analyzed. The concept of unaccompanied children has been defined, but the focus on their rights in Sweden has also been reported. 

The purpose of this study is to investigate how South African and Swedish legislation as wellas case law regarding domestic violence and punishment against children is presented in both legal systems. Two methods are used as help to answer the two core questions in this thesis.The result of the study showed that the definitions of physical, psychological and sexual abusein both countries are listed as the same assaults and each country has an obligation to relocate children that have been exposed to those forms of violence. Many children in both countries have experienced some type of domestic violence during their childhood which makes the institutions whom work and have qualifications in questions regarding abused children to protect them from all forms of violence and have to strive more in order to make a better living for the next generations forward. When it comes to decision making courts and authorities in both countries have an obligation to always act in the child’s best interest which clearly appears in both constitutions.

De rättsstatliga värdena betraktas numera som centrala i en modern demokratisk stat. De brukar sammanfattas med krav på normbunden, opartisk och saklig maktutövning med respekt för allas likhet inför lagen. I den moderna tolkningen ryms även ett krav på ett demokratiskt styrelseskick.

Förvaltningens roll att upprätthålla och värna rättsstaten får vanligtvis inte särskilt mycket uppmärksamhet i olika förvaltningspolitiska studier. Vi har därför låtit ett urval av rättsstatligt intresserade forskare analysera och diskutera utvecklingstendenser och förändringsbehov i den statliga förvaltningen och i förvaltningspolitiken ur ett rättsligt perspektiv.  

I antologin lyfter tio forskare bland annat fram de rättsstatliga utmaningar som hänger samman med förhållandet mellan regeringen och myndigheterna. Frågorna som behandlas är relevanta för såväl regeringen som förvaltningen och tjänstemannagruppen i stort. De olika kapitlen handlar främst om den politik och styrning som riksdagen och regeringen riktar mot den statliga förvaltningen. Men eftersom många viktiga statliga åtaganden genomförs inom hela den offentliga förvaltningen berör texterna även kommunala och regionala verksamheter.

This chapter deals with legitimacy in connection to the exercise of public power through unilateral decisions. It can for example concern a prohibition, a permit, an allowance, an authorization, an administrative fine, a tax or a duty to perform something (e.g., tearing down a house that was illegally built). The decision implies public power irrespective of whether the individual through the decision receives what he applied for or was denied it. Society is to a large extent governed through such administrative law and a unilateral decision has consequences for the individual concerned. In the chapter is emphasized that legality is one part of legitimacy and that the responsibilities of the officials with regard to the law in action as well as the judicial review by courts are fundamental to legitimacy. Legitimacy is closely connected to trust.

FN:s barnkonvention inkorporerades som svensk lag den 1 januari 2020. I detta bokkapitel ges en övergripande beskrivning av konventionen, som är det centrala internationella instrumentet när det gäller barnets rättigheter, och som lag i Sverige särskilt viktig när det gäller barnets rättigheter i medlingssituationer som rör barn och unga. Barnkonventionen blev lag i Sverige efter många års kritik när det gäller konventionens svaga ställning i svensk rätt. Det har samtidigt funnits kritik mot en inkorporering. Kritiken har bl.a. gällt att konventionen är för vag för att kunna tillämpas direkt i domstolar och av andra rättstillämpande myndigheter och om en inkorporering kommer att medföra någon större praktisk skillnad för barn i Sverige. Kritiken väcker frågor om den praktiska betydelsen av denna lag och konventionen i samband med medling. Vi ger i detta bokkapitel därför även en övergripande beskrivning av denna lag, inkorporeringslagen, och de möjligheter och begränsningar som lagen innebär vid tillämpning av konventionen. Avslutningsvis diskuteras i bokkapitlet hur barnkonventionen kan användas som en resurs vid olika former av medling som rör barn och unga.

Konflikter kan uppstå på alla nivåer och i alla sammanhang – inom och mellan individer, grupper, företag, institutioner, organisationer ochnationer m.fl. Medling kan användas för att hantera många olika typer av konflikter. Trots att medling som konflikthanteringsmetodi vissa fall är införlivad i både lagstiftning, riktlinjer och praktik är kunskapen om medling begränsad i Sverige. Det gäller om, när och hur medling ska eller bör genomföras samt vilka effekter den har. Denna bok fokuserar inte på hur och varför konflikter uppstår, utan på hur konflikter kan hanteras för att minska dessas negativa effekter och ger även verktyg för att hantera framtida konflikter eller till och med förebygga att sådana uppstår. Medlingsområdena berör barn och unga och då FN:s barnkonvention är lag i Sverige ställs frågan om hur barnets rättigheter inom de olika konfliktområdena bäst kan tillgodoses – både i konflikter som barn och unga kan drabbas av samti sådana som de själva orsakar. Boken behandlar de bakomliggande idéerna och den rättsliga reglering som medling vilar på samt hur medling bedrivs i Sverige ochi andra länder. Även problem och utmaningar med medling samt när medling är lämpligt respektive mindre lämpligt som verktyg i konflikter som rör barn och unga diskuteras i boken. Slutligen väcks frågan om medlingens framtid i Sverige och hur denna konflikthanteringsmetod kan implementeras för att på bästa sätt nyttja dess potential. Boken kan användas vid t.ex. lärar-, socionom-, polis- och juristutbildningarna. Den riktar sig även till praktiker inom dessa områden samt till åklagare, domare, advokater, politiker, lagstiftare och forskarsamfundet.

The bachelor thesis examines the protection of religious freedom in Sweden and France, with a main point on the right to wear religious symbols and clothing. The subject is processed in relation to the Member States obligations in accordance with the freedom of religion, provided for in Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights. The right to wear religious symbols and attire has a broad meaning, and in this thesis special focus is placed on the right to wear a religious veil, as the Swedish legal situation is in stark contrast to the French law's restrictive view on the subject.

In order to answer the thesis main question, a legal-judicial and comparative law approach is applied. Legislation that has been dealt with in its entirety, is the second chapter in the Swedish regeringsformen (1974:152), the European Convention, the French principle of laïcité, the French Education Act (Article L141-5-1 du Code de l’éducation), the French law on the prohibition of veils in public environments (Loi n° 2010-1192  du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public) and the French Constitution (Constitution of October 4, 1958). Finally, the authors orientation in the research questions of the essay has been emphasized, and a remark about the French legislation has been made.

In this article we discuss ableist manifestations about chronically ill and disabled schoolchildren in Sweden. On claiming their right to schooling, these children risk being excluded due to not conforming with norms while being refused alternative formats that would enable participation. They are then accused of not attending school and construed as problematic. Parents are derided as mollycoddling perpetrators by teachers who perceive themselves as superior knowers of disability and illness, polarising an already infected school debate. Alternative formats for participation are derided, claiming that certain disabilities do not exist or that parents exaggerate their children’s symptoms. We concede that teachers’ poor work environments due to underfunding and unreasonable workloads are problematic, but we are adamant that unfavourable work conditions must not entail unethical professional conduct. We hope this article will contribute to putting the situation of chronically ill and disabled schoolchildren in Sweden on the radar of Critical Disability Studies as well as in relevant fields of practice and that it might stimulate a change in public debate

Denna uppsats behandlar Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2005/36/EG om erkännandet av yrkeskvalifikationer utifrån den akademiska individens rättssäkerhet inom EU:s gränser. Studien grundar sig på en europarättslig studie om hur yrkesregleringen påverkat svensk offentlig rätt med fokus på principen om god förvaltning. I uppsatsen anges EU-rättsliga regler för medlemsstaterna och hur implementeringen på nationell nivå påverkar den akademiska individens rättigheter i det mottagande landet. Uppsatsen analyserar den processuella och institutionella autonomin samt harmoniseringsåtgärderna inom den inre marknaden och hur detta återspeglar medlemsstaternas rättsordningar. Medlemsstaterna har en viss suveränitet vid genomföranden av författningsförfaranden. Därav redogörs förhållandet mellan EU-rätten och den nationella rätten utifrån principen om delade befogenheter, principen om EU-rättens företräde och doktrin om direkt effekt. Uppsatsen belyser närmare den akademiska individens rättssäkerhetsgarantier i förfaranden inom det svenska rättssystemet som är en del av principen om god förvaltning. 

Läran om god förvaltning används i rättsprocesser och förklarar hur offentliga myndigheter arbetar med enskilda ärenden. Vid enskilda ärenden måste den behöriga myndigheten ta hänsyn till omsorgsprincipen, likabehandling och proportionalitetsprincipen. Principen om rätten till god förvaltning utvecklades inom EU-rätten genom EU-domstolens praxis där ändamålet grundades på en god förvaltningssed för att tillhandhålla öppna, säkra och förutsägbara förvaltningsförfaranden som regleras i artikel 41 i EU- stadgan. Genom studien har det visat sig föreligga brister i omsorgsprincipen vid förvaltningsförfaranden inom det svenska rättssystemet. Det visar även att likabehandlingsprincipen inte efterlevs vid erkännandet av yrkeskvalifikationer på både EU nivå och nationell nivå. Direktivet har även brister i proportionalitetsprincipen som inte uppfyller rättssäkerhetsgarantierna för den akademiska individen. Med denna studie hoppas vi att uppmärksamma ett gemensamt intresse inom unionen för att uppmuntra en process till att förbättra regleringen i yrkeskvalifikationsdirektivet som gynnar medlemsstaterna och unionsmedborgare.

Le droit d’accès aux documents officiels suédois a célébré ses 250 ans en 2016. Ce droit, communément appelé « principe de publicité » (offentlighetsprincipen), a ainsi fait son apparition en Suède plus de deux siècles avant sa reconnaissance par d’autres droits nationaux. Son introduction remonte à l’entrée en vigueur, en 1766, de la première Loi fondamentale sur de la liberté de la presse, dont il faisait partie intégrante. En effet, depuis ses origines, liberté de la presse et droit d’accès sont conceptuellement liés, le droit d’accès aux procès-verbaux administratifs, par exemple, étant une condition préalable à leur publication dans la presse et autres écrits. Aujourd’hui, les objectifs mis en avant pour justifier l’accès aux documents officiels sont tout particulièrement « la garantie de la sécurité juridique, l’efficacité de l’action administrative et l’efficacité du gouvernement par le peuple ».

Först nu när Sverige får sin tredje förvaltningslag får Frankrike, hösten 2015, sin allra första enhetliga författning på området: le Code des relations entre le public et l‘administration, balken om förhållandet mellan allmänheten och förvaltningen. Balken samlar, på ett strukturerat och detaljerat sätt, den omfattande rättspraxis från den högsta förvaltningsdomstolen Conseil d’Etat samt de olika författningar av allmän karaktär som gällde på området. I denna artikel presenteras den franska balken utifrån en komparation med den nya svenska förvaltningslagen. Först redogörs för lagarnas historiska utveckling och de skäl som ligger bakom. En presentation av författningarnas systematik kommer sedan, följd av en analys av skillnader och likheter vad gäller valda rättsfigurer och lagstiftningsval. Sammanfattningsvis påvisar denna komparativa studien likheter i termer av lagarnas innehåll och disposition. Däremot konstateras väsentliga skillnader när det gäller lagstiftningstekniken, skillnader som förklaras av skilda lagstiftningstraditioner. Vidare kan man ur formuleringarna av lagarnas bestämmelser utläsa skillnader mellan Frankrike och Sverige när det gäller statens syn på den egna tjänstemannakåren.

This publication gathers contributions addressing challenges posed to the Rule of Law. Several of the articles deal with challenges related to the right to privacy while most of the articles deal with challenges generated by the digitalization of the society – both questions being often interrelated.    

The authors of the articles belong to different disciplines (public law, archival science as well as Information, Education and IT ) and represent different countries (UK, Algeria, Denmark, France and Sweden). 

Swedish administrative law has been subject to extensive changes in recent decades, due to two interrelated processes, Judicialisation and Constitutionlisation. These changes, reflected by an improvement in the position and importance of the Judiciary and the Constitution, are closely related to Europeanisation. 

According to the landmark judgement Google Spain of 13 May 2014 of the European Court of Justice, search engines have under certain conditions the obligation to de-index search results (URLs) containing personal information. This obligation to execute the so-called right to be forgotten does not apply however when the interest of the public of having access to the information at issue overrides the right of privacy of the data subject, which emphasises the question of the balancing between the right to privacy and the freedom of expression. The paper first contains a succinct analysis of the criteria referred to by the European bodies, the EJC and the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, for achieving the balancing between the right to privacy and the freedom of expression. Second, the paper examines the actors involved in the balancing of interests when the right to be forgotten is applied, i.e. the actors whose freedom of expression is potentially restricted by the application of the right to be forgotten and the actors in charge of the balancing of interests.

* This paper mirrors an introductory presentation for a workshop on The Right to Be Forgotten: The Balance between the Right to Privacy and Freedom of Expression, that took place on September 9, 2017 at the Legraina EPLO premises, Sounion, Greece.

Rättsstatens principer är en grundläggande del av det svenska statsskicket, en central del av EU:s kärnvärden och en förutsättning för internationella relationer stater emellan. På samtliga dessa nivåer framhålls vikten av att rättsstatens principer upprätthålls för att uppnå och skydda andra värden såsom demokrati, fri- och rättigheter och hållbar utveckling.

Boken förklarar rättsstatens olika beståndsdelar och relevans, samt hur rättsstaten definieras och kommer till användning på internationell, europeisk och svensk nivå. I boken redogörs för de mest väsentliga aktörerna på de olika nivåerna, vilka betoningar och prioriteringar dessa har vad gäller rättsstatsprincipens innehåll, samt hur de relaterar, kommunicerar och på andra sätt interagerar med varandra.

This thesis explores the implementation of European Union (EU) Directive 2019/1 in Sweden, focusing on both legal and practical aspects on Swedish law and the Swedish Competition Authority (Konkurrensverket). The thesis is outlining the purpose and central research questions, which aim to understand how the directive is implemented at the national level and analyze the legal foundations and practical consequences for the Competition Authority. An overview of EU law is provided, with a specific focus on administrative legal principles and good governance within the EU. The legal basis and development of the directive are examined, highlighting the significance of Articles 103 and 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Article 103 regulates the prohibition of anticompetitive agreements and practices, while Article 114 empowers the EU to adopt harmonization measures to ensure the functioning of the internal market. The historical background and legislative support for the directive are also discussedIn the thesis, Swedish administrative law is compared with the EU's principles of good governance, analyzing how these principles are implemented in the Swedish context. The study addresses the procedural and institutional autonomy of member states, examining the balance between national rules and EU directives.The process of implementing EU directives into national legislation is described in general, with a particular focus on the steps taken by Sweden to comply with Directive 2019/1. This includes detailed descriptions of legislative changes and adaptations made to the Competition Act to meet the directive's requirements. The role of the Ministry of Justice and the Swedish Competition Authority in this process is emphasized, along with the contributions of various stakeholders during the consultation rounds. A deeper analysis is provided on the specific legislative changes, legal adaptations, future prospects, and challenges. The principles of good governance within the directive are discussed, especially concerning the powers and procedural independence of the Competition Authority. The impact of EU law on Swedish administrative law is also analyzed, showing that the directive has contributed to a more uniform and effective regulation of competition rules in Sweden.An interview study offers practical insights into the decision-making process at both the EU and national levels. The interview study covers how the directive was implemented, the actors involved, the importance of collaboration between different authorities and stakeholders and the challenges and effects that have arisen. The thesis concludes with a summary and findings, reflecting on how well Sweden has integrated the directive's requirements into national legislation and the effects this has had on Swedish competition policy and legal practice. The analysis show that Sweden has made significant changes to meet the directive's requirements, leading to a stronger and more effective competition policy that benefits both businesses and consumers. Overall, this thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal and practical aspects of implementing EU Directive 2019/1, illustrating how EU strategies are integrated into national legislation and the impact this has on domestic legal systems and market functionality.

This paper addresses the principle of care in the recast asylum procedure directive (2013/32/EU). The purpose of the study has been to analyze how the principle of care is expressed in the directive regarding procedures for granting or rejecting asylum, as well as to analyze how the directive was implemented in Sweden. The recast asylum procedure directive aims to harmonize EU’s member states' procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. Initially, this paper describes how the directive was created and how the principle of care is expressed in the directive and the meaning and content of the principle of care at EU level as well as its content and meaning according to Swedish law. To conclude, the Swedish implementation of the directive’s provisions directly connected to the principle of care will be discussed.

The principle of care is one of the principles of good governance. The principles of good governance have been important in EU law to ensure legal protection for individuals when they are in contact with authorities of EU or Member States. In the analysis, what is found is that the principle of care can be divided into several sub-principles or requirements: individuals’ right to get their affairs treated; the obligation of authorities to investigate a request in an impartial manner; fair procedure and handling; authorities’ duty to take individual interests in consideration; authorities’ obligation to act within reasonable time and also other requirements regarding routines and procedure.

Since a major part of this paper regards analyzing the relationship between EU law and national Swedish law, a discussion about the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy towards EU is also included. A conclusion is that the Swedish implementation of the directive's provisions related to the principle of care was deficient and that the directive itself restricts the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy.

Spelar lagstiftningen och den normativa rättskälleläran någon roll i svensk socialrätt? I en kritisk granskning av mål om rätt till personlig assistans enligt LSS konstaterar Andreas Pettersson att Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen inte tillämpar lagstiftningen på det sätt som lagstiftaren har angivit i förarbetena. Den överordnade principen om att den funktionshindrade ska kunna leva som andra får stå tillbaka och tillämpas inte, trots att principen är lagfäst och att förarbetena ger klar och tydlig vägledning. Vad händer med socialrätten och funktionshinderjuridiken när Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen inte följer och respekterar de traditionella rättskällorna? I genomgången av mål om rätten till personlig assistans väcks allvarliga frågor om rättssäkerhet och förutsebarhet för enskilda.