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  • 1.
    Abdelzadeh, Ali
    et al.
    Örebro universitet.
    Zetterberg, Pär
    Uppsala universitet.
    Ekman, Joakim
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Procedural Fairness and Political Trust Among Young People: Lessons from a panel study on Swedish High School Students2015In: Acta Politica, ISSN 0001-6810, E-ISSN 1741-1416, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 253-278Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The role of ‘fair’ institutions in developing democratic legitimacy has received increased attention. Citizens who perceive – on basis of past experiences – that they are being treated fairly by authorities have been held to have greater trust in political institutions. However, previous studies on the relationship between procedural fairness and political trust have not paid sufficient attention to individuals with limited first-hand experiences of authorities. We examine the relationship on an authority that virtually all individuals meet early in life: the school. Using structural equation modeling on unique panel data covering 1500 Swedish adolescents (ages ranging from 13 to 17), we find a reciprocal relationship: personal encounters with school authorities shape young people’s political trust; however, the images that adolescents get of the political system (through family, peers, media and so on) have also consequences on their perceptions about the authorities they encounter in their daily lives. The analysis increases our understanding of how individuals form their political allegiances by showing that the relationship between fairness and trust is more dynamic than has previously been suggested: neither an accumulated set of experiences of authorities nor formal ties with political institutions (as voters and so on) are required for a relationship to emerge.

  • 2.
    Abdi, Abdirashid Mohamed
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    The Swedish government agencies and the 2030 Agenda, in between hope and despair: A qualitative study about how the Swedish government agencies work to achieve the 2030 Agenda in Sweden2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted A/RES/70/1, 2015, a resolution that entails 17 integrative and indivisible UN Sustainable Development Goals, by the name of 2030 Agenda, a plan of action that calls for the transformation of the world to ecologically, economically and socially sustainable planet where peace and prosperity endure. With its indivisibility and universality characteristics, the Agenda puzzled the world states, demanding a new form of governance style for its realization.

    With the use of qualitative research methodology, this thesis, therefore, examines how the Agenda's policies are coordinated by the Swedish Government Agencies and what activities and mechanisms they use to integrate the Agenda' policies into their daily operational activities.

    Through collaborative governance and sociological institutionalism theoretical lens, results show that Government agencies use several mechanisms such as collaboration, dissemination of knowledge, leadership and communications to enhance the implementation of the 2030 Agenda in Sweden. Nevertheless, some challenges hinder the agencies from working with the Agenda on a full scale, that if addressed properly, it could have improved the current conditions.

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  • 3.
    Agestam, Oscar
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    The Patterns of Democratic Backsliding: A systematic comparison of Hungary, Turkey and Venezuela2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This dissertation attempts to answer the research question on whether there is a common pattern of democratic backsliding. Levitsky and Ziblatt’s theoretical model of democratic backsliding is utilized as the guiding theory. The theory suggests that Democratic Backsliding has three stages where different goals are attempted to be achieved. The goals are first to take over state institutions, thereafter to use these institutions to target political opponents and protect the government from criticism. The third stage concerns entrenching the political dominance.

    The research question is answered by a systematic comparison of Hungary, Turkey and Venezuela. The results are that each case does follow the suggested path of democratic backsliding, with certain differences. More emphasis is put on the media, election monitoring, and how the institutions are controlled. The institutions are often taken control over by hijacking the nomination process, a fact overlooked by the theoretical model. These aspects are not expanded on in the theoretical model, and this dissertation suggest adding these to the model.

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  • 4.
    Ahmed Mahmod, Nawal
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    The 1991 Humanitarian Intervention in Iraq: Justifications and Consequences for Iraqi Kurdistan2023Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study focuses on humanitarian intervention in Iraq with a special focus on Iraqi Kurdistan. The purpose of the study is to analyze humanitarian intervention from different perspectives, especially in political matters. Despite this, a reasonable selection process is needed as not all international political aspects are particularly relevant. There are aspects which, although closely linked to humanitarian intervention, do not need a detailed analysis due to the already extensive literature and the established nature of the relevant regulation which does not analyze much new information.

    The study aims to apply theories and concepts in an analysis of humantarian intervention by applying a theoretical model based on humanitarian intervention and the UN's policy process. The analysis will focus on three dimensions: content, organization and legitimacy. By exploring these dimensions, the study will examine and evaluate different aspects of the intervention, including the political arguments, the structure and functioning of the UN policy process, and the legitimacy and support for the intervention from different actors and the world community.

    The method used in the study is qualitative research to define humanitarian intervention which is heavily dependent on the theoretical model. The most important results of the analysis are that there are no standards for when the UN system for crisis management should be activated and that the political unity in the Security Council is not as strong as the principles express. Other results are that thispolitical field, especially the political decisions about international armed conflicts, has countless very interesting aspects. However, a detailed presentation of these aspects requires a more specific study dealing with this topic, rather than an essay on humanitarian intervention.

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  • 5.
    Aitaki, Georgia
    et al.
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Nina
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Farmer Wants a (Swedish) Wife: White Mobilities in the Reality Romance Show Bonde Söker Fru – Jorden Runt2021In: View : Journal of European Television History and Culture, E-ISSN 2213-0969, Vol. 10, no 20, p. 64-64Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article we discuss discourses of white mobility in reality television, a genre whose problematic post-racial and neoliberal discourses have long been exposed. Moving beyond the widely researched Anglophone media landscapes, we interrogate the discursive construction of white mobilities in the Swedish romance reality show Bonde Söker Fru – Jorden Runt (TV4, 2019-2020) [Farmer Seeks Wife – Around the World] where Swedish North-to-South migrants working as farmers abroad seek a partner from Sweden through the assistance of reality TV. By focusing on the discursive and visual strategies through which the show perpetuates racial hierarchies, we discuss the colonial imaginaries, the absence of border policies (such as residency, employment, or integration), and the significance of individual migratory preferences in the mobility discourses. We identify three forms of white mobility – the tourist, the adventurer, and the philanthropist – and show that migration is depicted as something reversible, an adventure, and a possibility for self-development, rather than a life-long decision with high stakes.

  • 6.
    Alcoverro, Adrià
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Baltic & East European Graduate School (BEEGS).
    The University and the Demand for Knowledge-based Growth: The hegemonic struggle for the future of Higher Education Institutions in Finland and Estonia2020Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent decades, Higher Education Institutions have been reformed worldwide so that they may exert a greater influence in the production of knowledge within Knowledge-based Economies (KBEs). This transformation is often explained in terms of how advanced capitalist economies need to secure a prosperous future within post-Fordist capitalism. These developments have occurred in Finnish and Estonian universities, which are conceived as spaces in which knowledge, technology and entrepreneurship are creatively combined in order to contribute to the realisation of a sustained economic growth. This process is understood as a totalising movement that intersects with existing relations of power and social hierarchies. In the study, a Gramscian framework is employed, in order to critically investigate, in two multidisciplinary university departments in Helsinki and Tallinn, the emergence, consolidation and reproduction of an order that is constituted by the contradictory relation between legitimating narratives, on the one hand, and the vertical implementation of policies, on the other. Methodologically, the study adopts a narrative analysis of a corpus of programmatic documents alongside work stories. Both parts of the study’s empirical material are explained and recontextualised within the wider global politico-economic system. The analyses presented in this study bring to light the existence of a fragile consent based on a vague horizon of hope and freedom consolidated at all levels, from the programmatic documents to the academic workforce.

    This vague horizon steers and legitimises market expansion through the circulation of an optimistic techno-centric narrative, expressed in the concept of solutionism, which serves to de-antagonise those tensions present in the territorialisation of market forces, by promising a future in which science, technology and entrepreneurship co-operate for the good of society. The study also reveals how the deployment of reforms is legitimised through recourse to the exceptional status that the meritocratic order has in academia. To understand how the market logic merges with academic exceptionalism, this increasingly “marketised” – or debauched meritocratic – order is analysed by re-defining some of Bourdieu's concepts. Solutionism and “debauched meritocracy” provide a set of middle-ranging concepts that connect to the larger Gramscian framework, with the purpose of completing the critical investigation into the university order and its apparently central place within the Knowledge-based economies and post-Fordist capitalism.

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    The University and the Demand for Knowledge-based Growth: The hegemonic struggle for the future of Higher Education Institutions in Finland and Estonia
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  • 7.
    Al-khalidi, Ali
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    The Failure of Democracy in Iraq2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The motivation of the bachelor thesis is to provide an understanding of democracy in Iraq from 2003 until present. After the fall of Saddam’s regime, there have been general elections but there is still an unstable democracy in Iraq. What are the reasons behind the failure of democracy in Iraq? Of course, there are many reasons behind this but my choice is to focus on three specific ones. How do these three variables that I have chosen, affect the possibility of democracy in Iraq? These two questions will be answered in this bachelor thesis, using Path Dependence Theory and Dahl’s Polyarchy Model and its Criteria that help to analyze and answer the research questions. Iraq has many major problems but the three I have focused on are ethnic and religious divides between Shia and Sunni, the violent environment and the presence of terrorist groups.

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    Bachelor Thesis- Ali Al-khalidi
  • 8.
    Amiri, Marzieh
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Säkerhetisering av migration Från en human till en mer restriktiv migrationspolitik: En fallstudie av Sveriges migrationspolitik under åren 2015–2016.2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Elisabeth Abiri claimed that the political question regarding immigration to Sweden had been securitized during the 1990s and that national security, therefore, had been prioritized on the expense of human security and human rights. This thesis will examine whether or not her perspective is valid as an explanatory tool in the context of Swedish migration politics during the “migrant crisis” 2015-2016. Her perspective will be examined by cross-referencing it to the theory of political securitization by examining the propositions, proposed laws and measures, speeches and claims by members of the Swedish Government regarding this topic. I will also define national security so that this term may be applied as a tool for analysing the validity of Abiri’s claim in the aforementioned context. The perspectives of human security and human rights and human rights and migration will also be applied in order to test Abiri’s perspective’s validity. The results show that migration politics in Sweden has indeed been securitized and that this, in turn, has been the factor which allowed the Swedish government to, not only propose, but also adopt new laws and extraordinary measures that have turned the priority from migrant rights and security to national security.

    Keyword: Securitization, Migration, Migration Politics, Human Rights, Sweden Antal ord: 10623 

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  • 9.
    Amnå, Erik
    et al.
    Örebro universitet.
    Ekman, Joakim
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Standby Citizens: Diverse Faces of Political Passivity2014In: European Political Science Review, ISSN 1755-7739, E-ISSN 1755-7747, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 261-281Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Amnå, Erik
    et al.
    Örebro universitet.
    Ekman, Joakim
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Standby Citizens: Understanding Non-Participation in Contemporary Democracies2015In: Political and Civic Engagement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives / [ed] Martyn D. Barret & Bruna Zani, London & New York: Routledge, 2015, 1, p. 96-108Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 11.
    Anckar, Carsten
    et al.
    Åbo Akademi University, Finland.
    Sedelius, Thomas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Cohabitation and Presidential Powers in Dual Executives 1850-20212023In: ECPR General Conference: Academic programme, 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The French term ‘cohabitation’ is commonly used to describe situations in semi-presidential systems where the prime minister and the president represent different political parties. The present contribution sets out to test to what extent cohabitation affects the powers of the president. Theoretically, the link between the phenomena in question is complex; there are arguments both for an assumption that cohabitation enhances the powers of the president and for a presumption that cohabitation is linked to decreasing powers of the head of state. It is far from self-evident how cohabitation should be operationalized, however. For instance, a president and a prime minister can represent different parties, but the parties can have a long tradition of working together in government coalitions. In some cases, the president and prime minister represent different parties, but the president’s party is included in the coalition government. Another variant is that either the president or the prime minister (or even both) are unaffiliated with political parties. In the framework of the present study, we make use of several operationalizations of cohabitation to assess to what extent the relationship between cohabitation and presidential powers is affected by whether cohabitation is broadly or narrowly defined. Empirically, the study is extensive in time and space. The research population consists of all democratic republics with a separate president and prime minister during the time period 1850-2021. In the literature, cohabitation is a term generally associated with semi-presidential forms of governments in which the president is popularly elected. The present paper takes a broader view and accordingly sets out to test if cohabitation is linked to presidential powers both in dual executives with popularly elected presidents and in systems with indirectly elected presidents. Since constitutional powers tend to remain unaltered irrespective of whether periods of cohabitation occur or not, the present study measures presidential powers with reference to actual, or ‘real’ powers. The powers of the president are measured with reference to seven questions in the V-dem dataset. Three of the questions refer explicitly to powers in the executive sphere, two to legislative powers, and two to powers that do not fall explicitly in either of the categories.

  • 12.
    Andersson, Eva
    et al.
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Bernerstedt, Mats
    Forsmark, Jan
    Rydenstam, Klas
    Åberg, Pelle
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES). Ersta Sköndal högskola.
    Cirkeldeltagare efter 65: Livskvalitet och aktivt medborgarskap2014Report (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Andersson, Hans
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Liberal Intergovernmentalism, spillover and supranational immigration policy.2016In: Cooperation and Conflict, ISSN 0010-8367, E-ISSN 1460-3691, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 38-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    That the Lisbon Treaty lays the foundation for a supranational asylum and immigration policyis surprising, even more so for Liberal Intergovernmentalism (LI), whose founder AndrewMoravcsik predicts that no such development will take place. While the article uses LI as its pointof departure, it shows that it runs into problems with regards to the policy area of asylum andimmigration. The article therefore turns to the (neo-)functionalist concept of spillover. Whileworking with the concept, it was deemed necessary to create a more coherent typology ofdifferent spillovers. The article suggests that the concept of spillover may be both descriptiveand explanatory. With regards to descriptive spillover, it seems valuable to differentiate betweenwidening and deepening spillovers, but concerning explanatory spillovers, more options becamevisible: there are unintended or intended functional spillovers, as well as unintended political,cultivated and social spillovers. The argument is illustrated through a detailed study of Sweden – a‘reluctant European’ that within the area of asylum and immigration made a fundamental U-turnwith regards to a supranationalism, a change that can be described as a social spillover.

  • 14.
    Andersson, S.
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    An Exceptional Case: Sweden and the Pandemic2023In: The Political Economy of Global Responses to COVID-19 / [ed] Alan W. Cafruny; Leila Simona Talani, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023, p. 75-101Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter has two aims. First, we describe the Swedish authorities’ management of the pandemic in 2020. Their approach deviated markedly from policies pursued in neighbouring countries, with respect to the authorities’ understanding of the virus; the measures adopted to counter the spread of the virus; the reliance on recommendations to citizens rather than legally binding instructions; and, most notably, the extensive delegation of policy-making by the government to a technocratic authority, the Public Health Agency. Second, we try to explain this policy deviation. We show that Swedish constitutional arrangements, with relatively autonomous, policy-delivering agencies, are a necessary but insufficient condition for explaining the outcome. Three additional conditions are needed: assertive leadership within the Public Health Agency; a weak and passive government; and citizens’ trust in public institutions, reflected in rallying around the flag and in supportive media coverage, all which cemented initial policy choices.

  • 15.
    Andersson, Staffan
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Sweden.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Sweden and Coronavirus: Unexceptional Exceptionalism2020In: Social Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-0760, Vol. 9, no 12, article id 232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aims of this article are, first, to describe the Swedish authorities’ strategy for dealing with the sudden onset of novel coronavirus in early 2020 and, second, to explain why that strategy differed markedly from those in nearly all other European countries. From an early stage, the Swedish government delegated decision making to the Public Health Agency, and its goal was to mitigate the effects of the virus rather than to suppress its spread. Society was never closed down in the same way as elsewhere. Using data from media reports and other publications, we argue that the agency was insulated from pressure to change course, even as the number of deaths associated with covid-19 rose far above those in Sweden’s Nordic neighbours, by four conditions: (1) the structure of national public administration; (2) an outburst of nationalism in parts of the media; (3) the uneven impact of the virus; and (4) a political leadership that was willing to delegate responsibility for policy almost entirely. We conclude by briefly comparing the coronavirus strategy to previous episodes of Swedish policy exceptionalism. This emerging pattern, we suggest, raises normative questions about the functioning of Swedish democracy.

  • 16.
    Andersson, Staffan
    et al.
    Växjö University, Sweden.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES). Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Eriksson, Johan
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Democracy and technocracy in Sweden's Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic2022In: Frontiers in Political Science, E-ISSN 2673-3145, Vol. 4, p. 1-13, article id 832518Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden’s management of the coronavirus pandemic, beginning in early 2020, hasbeen much discussed because it deviated from other countries’ equivalents. Set inthe context of scholarly debate about the balance between politicians and experts inpolitical decision-making, we argue that a necessary condition for this case of Swedishexceptionalism was the manner of policy-making adopted by the Swedish authorities. Inthis article, we describe this policy-making procedure, which involved a radical form ofdelegation by elected politicians to appointed experts, and seek to explain how it cameabout. We focus on the 1st year of the pandemic, and use media reports and other publicdocuments, including parts of a public inquiry, as our empirical material.

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    Democracy and Technocracy Covid-19
  • 17.
    Antoniou, Lia
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Sociology.
    Andersson, Hans E.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Mapping migrants' inclusion: An analytical framework for examining policy output2015In: Ethnic and Racial Studies, ISSN 0141-9870, E-ISSN 1466-4356, Vol. 38, no 10, p. 1707-1723Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Antonov, Oleg
    et al.
    Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Podolian, Olena
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Soft Power. Coopting Post-Soviet Youth: Russia, China, And Transnational Authoritarianism2023In: Baltic Worlds, ISSN 2000-2955, E-ISSN 2001-7308, Vol. XVI, no 3, p. 4-7Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    A Nordic Model of Democracy?: Political Representation in Northern Europe2014In: Models of Democracy in Nordic and Baltic Europe : Political Institutions and Discourse / [ed] Nicholas Aylott, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, p. 1-38Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    A Question of Priorities: Candidate Selection in Estonian Political Parties2014In: Journal of Baltic Studies, ISSN 0162-9778, E-ISSN 1751-7877, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 321-344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article addresses political-party organization in Estonia, especially candidate selection. Its first objective is to describe the ways in which the main parties chose their candidates before the 2011 parliamentary election. A second objective is to evaluate those procedures in light of expectations generated by established theory. The focus is on two conditions: the institutional framework, particularly the electoral system, and the relative youth of Estonian democracy. The evidence confirms these expectations only partially, which suggests that an individual party’s ideological, organizational and strategic circumstances, in addition to structural and institutional conditions, are critical to understanding why it performs this basic function as it does.

  • 21.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Book review of: Cartelisation, Convergence or Increasing Similarities?: Lessons from Parties in Parliament and Democracy and the Cartelization of Political Parties2021In: Party Politics, ISSN 1354-0688, E-ISSN 1460-3683, Vol. 27, no 3, p. 597-598Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 22.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Brexit - skilsmässan som splittrat Storbritannien2020In: Världspolitikens Dagsfrågor, ISSN 0042-2754, no 6, p. 1-32Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Beslutet att lämna EU har inte bara förändrat Storbritanniens plats i världen utan också skakat om den brittiska inrikespolitiken och förstärkt polariseringen mellan brexitanhängare och EU-vänner. På sikt kan brexit hota sammanhållningen i landet.

  • 23.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Conclusions: Towards a New North European Democracy2014In: Models of Democracy in Nordic and Baltic Europe : Political Institutions and Discourse / [ed] Nicholas Aylott, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, p. 219-240Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Models of Democracy in Nordic and Baltic Europe: Political Institutions and Discourse2014Collection (editor) (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    The Party System2015In: The Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics / [ed] Jon Pierre, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 152-168Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Blomgren, Magnus
    Umeå universitet.
    Bergman, Torbjörn
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Umeå universitet.
    Political Parties in Multi-Level Polities: The Nordic Countries Compared2013 (ed. 1)Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Political parties are essential for parliamentary democracy, the form of government that prevails in most European states. But how have parties adapted to modern society – not least a new layer of political decision-making in the EU? Should we talk of a crisis of party democracy?

    This book reports the findings of a comparative survey of parties in four Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland and Sweden, all EU member states; and Norway, which remains outside the Union. Using original data, it explores how power is exercised within party organisations and their respective parliamentary groups.

    Within an analytical framework that envisages a party as a series of delegation relationships, the book illuminates how leaders are chosen, how election candidates are selected, how manifestos are written – and how a party's various elements are co-ordinated. For all the challenges posed by multi-level governance, parties retain much of their capacity for making democracy work.

  • 27.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    A new right: the Swedish parliamentary election of September 20222023In: West European Politics, ISSN 0140-2382, E-ISSN 1743-9655, Vol. 46, no 5, p. 1049-1062Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish parliamentary election of 11 September 2022 led to the removal of a Social Democratic government and the installation of a right-of-centre coalition. The change was made possible by the mainstream right's abandonment of the previous cordon sanitaire around the radical-right Sweden Democrats (SD). The new government, consisting of the Moderates, the Christian Democrats and the Liberals, concluded a comprehensive agreement with SD. In this article, we sketch the background to the election; describe how the campaign unfolded; and interpret the results and outcome.

  • 28.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University.
    A party system in flux: the Swedish parliamentary election of September 20182019In: West European Politics, ISSN 0140-2382, E-ISSN 1743-9655, Vol. 42, no 7, p. 1504-1515Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the Swedish parliamentary election of 7 September 2018, the biggest parties, the Social Democrats and the Moderates, both lost votes compared to their scores in the previous election, but not as many as they had feared. Commensurately, the radical-right challenger party, the Sweden Democrats (SD), which had seemed certain to profit from Sweden's dramatic experience of the European migration crisis, did well, but not as well as it had hoped. The result left the array of parliamentary forces fragmented and finely balanced. Only after months of negotiations could a government be formed. Eventually, the incumbent coalition received a renewed parliamentary mandate. At the same time, the party system was transformed.

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  • 29.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Conflicts and Coronations: Analysing Leader Selection in European Political Parties2020In: Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties / [ed] Nicholas Aylott; Niklas Bolin, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, p. 1-28Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Political parties shape politics, and the most important person in a party is usually the leader. Party leaders make the political weather. Take a recent example from Britain. In 2015 the Labour Party, somewhat unexpectedly, lost a national election. Its leader resigned and a new one was needed. “Jeremy Corbyn is not going to win the Labour leadership election”, insisted one of the country’s shrewdest political commentators (Rentoul 2015). But Corbyn did win, and by a comfortable margin. Labour thus took a big stride to the left.

  • 30.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Editorial: Party leader selection in Europe: concepts, processes and outcomes2023In: Frontiers in Political Science, E-ISSN 2673-3145, Vol. 5, article id 1279488Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 31.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Locating power in party leader selection2023In: Scandinavian Political Studies, ISSN 0080-6757, E-ISSN 1467-9477, Vol. 46, no 1-2, p. 1-22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article, the aim is to enhance our understanding of who has power over leader selection in political parties. To this end, we apply an analytical framework in which the selection process is divided into three phases: gatekeeping, preparation and decision. The focus is on determining the extent to which each of these phases is influential for the outcome and thereby locating the distribution of intra-party power. Underpinning the analysis is the conviction that the comparison of leader selection is too limited if it relies solely on information about formal procedures, including the composition of the selectorate. We should also take the preselection phase of leader selection into account. Empirically, we examine a sample of recent selection processes in European parliamentary democracies. In contrast to previous research on intra-party politics, which has suggested an ascendancy of the party in public office, our results suggest an enduring strength of the party on the ground and the party in the central office.

  • 32.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Managed Intra-Party Democracy: Precursory Delegation and Party Leader Selection2017In: Party Politics, ISSN 1354-0688, E-ISSN 1460-3683, Vol. 23, no 1, p. 55-65Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The question of how party leaders are selected has recently, and belatedly, come under systematic comparative scrutiny. If it is the location of intra-party power that interests us, however, it might be that some of the more observable indicators in such processes, such as the identity of the selectorate, are not actually the most revealing ones. Using a delegation perspective, we thus present a framework for analysing prior steps in leader selection and relate it to various ideal-typical constellations of intra-party power. The framework encompasses, first, what we call precursory delegation, with focus especially on an agent that, formally or informally, manages the selection process before it reaches the selectorate. Second, the framework takes account of the degree to which the process is managed rather than left open to free competition between leader candidates. We illustrate the framework primarily with instances of leader selection in two Swedish parties.

  • 33.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Bolin, NiklasMittuniversitetet.
    Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties2020Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this book, we examine the varying ways in which political parties manage intra-party conflict, or potential conflict, when they make what might be their most important decisions – on the selection of their leaders. We take special account of actors that, formally and informally, filter the field of aspirants even before the decision reaches the selectorate. Our analytical framework is developed both deductively, with a foundation in delegation models, and inductively, through reference to case studies from nine European countries. We present a typology of selection processes, which illuminates intra-party power structures.

  • 34.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Polarising Pluralism: The Swedish Parliamentary Election of September 20142015In: West European Politics, ISSN 0140-2382, E-ISSN 1743-9655, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 730-740Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University, Sweden.
    Shifting perceptions of intra-party democracy: Leader selection in the Swedish Liberal Party2023In: Frontiers in Political Science, E-ISSN 2673-3145, Vol. 5, article id 1070269Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Liberal Party chose a new leader in 2019. It was, in some ways, typical of leader selection in Sweden. It featured an elaborate, institutionalised and yet only semi-public form of “precursory delegation,” in which aspiring leaders are filtered by a “steering agent” on behalf of the party’s main power centres. In other ways, though, the process was unusually conflictual and produced an unexpected result, which had considerable consequences for the party and for Swedish politics. Moreover, the selection involved the breakdown of a long-established procedure for leader selection in the party. We seek to explain this deviant case. We emphasise an unexpected cascade of decisions by regional party branches to hold membership ballots on the leadership candidates. This event, we argue, was critical for the outcome. We also suggest a causal mechanism, a shifting perception of procedural legitimacy, that facilitated the outcome—a mechanism that could be useful in understanding leader selection and moments of party change more generally. 

  • 36.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Centre for the Study of Political Organization.
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mittuniversitetet.
    The Rule of the Valberedning? Party Leader Selection in Sweden2020In: Managing Leader Selection in European Political Parties / [ed] Nicholas Aylott; Niklas Bolin, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, p. 175-195Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The international trend towards more inclusive leader selection (Cross and Blais in Party Politics 18: 127–150, 2012) seems to have gone largely unnoticed by Swedish parties. At least on the surface, the process works as it has done for decades. Almost exclusively to Sweden, it centres on a valberedning, a selection committee. This committee is typically chosen by the formal selectorate of the party, the party congress. The job of the valberedning is to consider candidates and then to propose one of them as the new leader.

  • 37.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Bolin, Niklas
    Mid Sweden University.
    The Swedish Greens: a big step forward – and several steps back2015In: Environmental Politics, ISSN 0964-4016, E-ISSN 1743-8934, Vol. 24, no 2, p. 337-341Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The parliamentary election of 14 September 2014 induced decidedly mixed feelings in the Swedish Green Party (Miljöpartiet de gröna). It led to the ejection of the centre-right government and the installation, for the first time, of Green cabinet ministers. However, the party also experienced a small but unexpected loss of votes compared to its score in the previous election. Moreover, partly because a far-right party built impressively on its breakthrough into the national parliament in 2010, the new government rests on a precariously narrow parliamentary base.

  • 38.
    Aylott, Nicholas
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES).
    Ikstens, Jānis
    University of Lativa.
    Lilliefeldt, Emelie
    Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations.
    Ever More Inclusive?: Candidate Selection in North European Democracies2014In: Models of Democracy in Nordic and Baltic Europe : Political Institutions and Discourse / [ed] Nicholas Aylott, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, p. 117-152Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Government Formation and the Radical Right: A Swedish Exception?2023In: Government and Opposition, ISSN 0017-257X, E-ISSN 1477-7053, Vol. 58, no 4, p. 882-898Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article tests the claim that government cooperation between mainstream parties and radical right parties can be explained by coalition theory. It does so by analysing three Swedish cases of coalition formation where the radical right Sweden Democrats (SD) have remained excluded despite holding a pivotal position in the parliament. It argues that, with the right analytical tools, this exclusion can be explained by coalition theory: cooperation with the SD has been unattractive in terms of policy, and unnecessary because the mainstream parties have been able to form viable minority governments. This argument requires three things: first, that we consider the two-dimensional nature of Swedish politics; second, that we shift the focus from majority government to viable government; and third, that we acknowledge strategic time horizons that extend well into the future. The findings contribute to our understanding of coalition formation and of how mainstream parties respond strategically to the radical right.

  • 40.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Hur påverkar SD bildandet av svenska kommunstyren?2018Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 41.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Isolating the Radical Right: Coalition Formation and Policy Adaptation in Sweden2020Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent decades, established political parties across Europe have become increasingly challenged by a new party family: the radical right. In terms of how mainstream parties respond to this challenge, Sweden has been a puzzling case both in a comparative European perspective and in light of established theories of party competition. Rather than co-opting the restrictive immigration policies of the radical right party the Sweden Democrats, the Swedish mainstream parties jointly converged on liberal policies. In addition, rather than being included as a coalition partner or support party to the government, the Sweden Democrats have been excluded from government formation despite a pivotal position between the established left and right blocs in the parliament. 

    In order to explain these puzzling outcomes, this dissertation combines two bodies of scholarly literature that have tended not to communicate much: coalition theory and research on mainstream party reactions to the radical right. It uses a multi-method research design to analyse party behaviour at both the local and the national level, and in both the electoral and the parliamentary arena. In doing so, it identifies aspects of established theories and concepts in need of refinement. The dissertation argues that despite the apparently puzzling nature of the Swedish case, the isolation of the Sweden Democrats can be explained in terms of the strategic pursuit of policy, office, and votes.

    The key to the strategic explanation lies in considering three things: first, that different kinds of party strategies interact, within and across arenas; second, that the choice of strategy is constrained, between different levels of a party and over time; and third, that we need to reconsider how some commonly used concepts – such as anti-pacts, winning coalitions, and policy dimensions – are operationalised. Rather than relying on the idea of qualitatively different ‘pariah’ or ‘anti-system’ parties, the findings of this thesis show how the isolation of a radical right party can be explained in terms of the strategic incentives of rival parties. The results also show that the transition from isolation to cooperation can, under certain conditions, be a rapid process. The dissertation is a contribution to research on coalition formation, spatial party competition, and mainstream party reactions to the radical right.

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    Isolating the Radical Right: Coalition Formation and Policy Adaptation in Sweden
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  • 42.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Isolation and Policy Co-Optation: The Path Dependency of the Swedish Cordon Sanitaire2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    As populist radical right parties have become electorally successful throughout Europe, mainstream parties have been adopting more restrictive immigration policies in order to win back voters, in what has been labelled a "contagion of the right". Sweden, however, has been a deviant case both in a comparative European context and in relation to influential theories of party competition. Despite the electoral threat from a growing radical right party (the Sweden Democrats) during the last decade, no other party engaged in any significant policy co-optation prior to the 2014 elections. In this paper I consider multiple explanations for this deviance derived from empirical and theoretical literature and mapped onto an analytical framework distinguishing between the party goals policy, office, and votes. The empirical material consists of survey data, statements from party representatives, and parliamentary voting patterns. I find the goal-oriented explanations to be only partially satisfactory, and go on to explore the possibility that the deviance can be explained by the institutionalisation of the Swedish cordon sanitaire – the commitment by all other parties to politically isolate the Sweden Democrats. The path dependency of the cordon sanitaire, I argue, became a behavioural constraint that effectively hindered parties from legitimately engaging in the co-optation of SD policies, until it was removed by the external shock of the 2015 "refugee crisis".

  • 43.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Placing radical right parties in political space: Four methods applied to the case of the Sweden Democrats2013Report (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Within political science, there are numerous methodological approaches to estimating the policy positions of political actors. Such methods are often used to examine party systems as a whole, but little research has been done on testing them in the context of parties that deviate from the political mainstream, such as populist radical right (PRR) parties. This study evaluates four common approaches, (1) expert surveys, (2) manual content analysis, (3) dictionary-based content analysis, and (4) Wordfish, by applying them to the PRR party the Sweden Democrats. Election manifestos, being considered the most authoritative statements of official party policy, are used as the empirical basis of the content analyses. Results show an overall high degree of convergent validity along economic and socio-cultural policy dimensions, but also suggest an advantage for the more qualitative methods 1 and 2, as the frequency-based methods (3 and 4) face problems with the context-dependence of words, linguistic volatility and data scarcity on issues of low salience, difficulties that are related to the characteristics of the Sweden Democrats. Manual content analysis and expert surveys do not face these issues, but instead need to deal with reliability and bias. If the former compensates by averaging multiple codings and the latter focuses on clearly defined policy-specific dimensions, these two methods – ideally in combination – are more appropriate than frequency-based approaches in the analysis of parties similar to the Sweden Democrats.

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    Placing radical right parties in political space: Four methods applied to the case of the Sweden Democrats
  • 44.
    Backlund, Anders
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    State repression of racist associations: Dilemmas of tolerance in the Nordic countries2022In: Scandinavian Political Studies, ISSN 0080-6757, E-ISSN 1467-9477, Vol. 45, no 3, p. 348-369Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When faced with organised racism, liberal democracies attempt to strike a balance between combating extremism and protecting core values such as freedom of association. Earlier research has argued that states that have experienced nondemocratic regime control in the twentieth century—either through a domestic takeover or a foreign occupation—are more likely to take a repressive approach to racist associations. In this study, I show that the previously overlooked Nordic region speaks against this explanation. Finland, which managed to avert a domestic authoritarian threat, is more repressive of racist associations than are the Scandinavian countries. The latter, two of which faced Nazi occupation, take a more liberal approach, which targets illegal actions rather than associations. These findings lead me to argue that the explanatory power of historical legacies cannot be reduced to a binary indicator such as nondemocratic regime control. I conclude by proposing a direction for future research on state repression of organised racism.

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  • 45.
    Backlund, Anders
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Jungar, Ann-Cathrine
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Animal advocacy and the radical right: the case of Sweden2022In: Journal of Political Ideologies, ISSN 1356-9317, E-ISSN 1469-9613Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Why does the radical right care so much about animals? In this study, we argue that the salience of animal advocacy within the radical right can be explained by its compatibility with these parties’ broader ideological framework. By analysing official documents from the radical right party the Sweden Democrats, we find that its animal advocacy is shaped by an ideological core consisting of nativism, authoritarianism and populism. The SD argues, for example, that immigrants are more violent towards animals; that animal cruelty must be strongly punished; and that mistreatment of animals is contrary to the moral intuitions of ‘the people’. Rather than only being used instrumentally to denigrate the cultural practices of immigrants, however, the policies reflect a broader commitment to animal well-being. Still, they differ from the egalitarian and rights-based agenda of ‘animalist’ parties, promoting as they do a paternalistic animal-welfare agenda where compassion is owed to animals not because they are our equals, but rather because they are dependent on us. The findings improve our understanding of the radical right ideology and of how ethical principles in the animal-rights debate are integrated into broader ideological frameworks and translated into party policy.

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  • 46.
    Backlund, Anders
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Jungar, Ann-Cathrine
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Populist Radical Right Party-Voter Policy Representation in Western Europe2019In: Representation: Journal of Representative Democracy, ISSN 0034-4893, E-ISSN 1749-4001, Vol. 55, no 4, p. 393-413Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study we assess policy representation by populist radical right (PRR) parties in ten West European countries. Going beyond aggregate left-right or socio-cultural (GAL-TAN) dimensions of political conflict, we study representation on policy issues related to the PRR parties’ core ideological features nativism, populism, and authoritarianism. Analysing data from party expert and voter surveys, we find that the PRR parties provide largely unique policy positions that are congruent with their voters’ preferences in terms of their opposition to immigration and the European Union. By contrast, the parties are less representative in terms of their value conservative and authoritarian positions on gay rights and civil liberties. The findings have relevance for our understanding of party strategy, voter behaviour, and the dimensionality of political competition.

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  • 47. Bardi, Luciano
    et al.
    Gagatek, Wojciech
    Germond, Carine
    Johansson, Karl Magnus
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Kaiser, Wolfram
    Sassano, Silvia
    The European Ambition: The Group of the European People’s Party and European Integration2020 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This book traces the EPP Group’s institutional, organisational and political trajectory in the European Parliament, focusing on the period after the first direct elections in 1979. In doing so, it sheds light on the functioning of parliamentary party groups, while at the same time creating the conditions for a better understanding of their role in the process of European integration and in the EU’s political system.

    Based on the conceptual framework of different disciplines—history, political science, European studies and political sociology—this book is the outcome of a research project involving scholars with diverse academic backgrounds and from different EU countries.

  • 48.
    Bech, Emily Cochran
    et al.
    Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    Borevi, Karin
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Mouritsen, Per
    Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
    A ‘civic turn’ in Scandinavian family migration policies? Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden2017In: Comparative Migration Studies, ISSN 2214-8590, E-ISSN 2214-594X, Vol. 5, no 1, article id 7Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Family migration policy, once basing citizens and resident foreigners’ possibilities to bring in foreign family members mainly on the right to family life, is increasingly a tool states use to limit immigration and to push newcomers to integrate into civic and economic life. The family migration policies of Denmark, Norway and Sweden range widely – from more minimal support and age requirements to high expectations of language skills, work records and even income levels. While in Denmark and increasingly in Norway growing sets of requirements have been justified on the need to protect the welfare state and a Nordic liberal way of life, in Sweden more minimal requirements have been introduced in the name of spurring immigrants’ labor market integration even as rights-based reasoning has continued to dominate. In all three countries, new restrictions have been introduced in the wake of the refugee crisis. These cases show how prioritizations of the right to family life vis-à-vis welfare-state sustainability have produced different rules for family entry, and how family migration policies are used to different extents to push civic integration of both new and already settled immigrants.

  • 49.
    Benmakhlouf, Moussab
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science.
    Varför deltar vissa mer än andra? En resursfråga?: En fallstudie över Botkyrka Kommun2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to study if there is a causal relationship between socioeconomic resources and political participation. Are socioeconomic resources important for political participation? Are forms of participation important for the outcome of the political participation? These are some questions this study intends to answer. To answer these questions this study has studied the case of the municipality of Botkyrka in Sweden and therefore the case study method was used. The material was analyzed on the basis of the resource model by Sidney Verba and Nie and Robert Dahl's five criteria for democracy. The results of this study showed that in the case “Botkyrka” the socioeconomic resources largely determine how much politically involved you are. The “districts” with fewer resources were generally much less political active than those districts that had better resources. However, the study also shows that in the forms of participation that was less resource intensive, there was also less difference in the outcome of the political participation between the districts in the municipality of Botkyrka compared to the forms that required more resources. This shows that the choice of “forms of participation” is important in terms of achieving an increased political participation among those with less resources.

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  • 50.
    Berglund, Christofer
    et al.
    Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Political Science. Malmö University, Sweden.
    Kasearu, Kairi
    University of Tartu, Estonia.
    Kivirähk, Juhan
    University of Tartu, Estonia.
    Fighting for the (Step)motherland? Predictors of Defense Willingness in Estonia’s Post-Soviet Generation2022In: Journal of Political & Military Sociology, ISSN 0047-2697, E-ISSN 2642-2190, Vol. 49, no 2, p. 146-169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    What makes individuals willing to defend their (adopted) homeland as their own? This is an essential question for all diverse societies. We turn to the case of Estonia, which inherited a sizable Russian-speaking population after the fall of the Soviet Union. Using recent polling data, we test demographic and attitudinal predictors of defense willingness among the first generation of males that have been raised in the republic since the restoration of independence. The results enable us to unpack differences between Estonian-speakers and Russian-speakers, as well as disagreements among the latter, which shed light on the state of social cohesion in Estonia’s national fabric.

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