Radical nationalist groups are growing in Sweden as well as in the rest of the world due to contemporary political, cultural and social rationale, where the internet is used as a catalyzer and tool to organize and spread their ideologies. Simultaneously, the structures and the system that hold journalism seem to be altering at a similar speed. The journalistic reporting on radical nationalist groups has, for this reason, become increasingly difficult. The alt-right, a radical nationalist group in the US expanded much because of the oxygen that American journalists added in an attempt to raise awareness of the danger or the highly problematic opinions that these groups sometimes stand for (Faris et.al 2018). A similar trend in Sweden is not yet visible but the lack of an ethical code of conduct when reporting on radical nationalist groups speaks for unpreparedness. This study aims to understand the ethical approach of Swedish journalists when reporting on radical nationalist groups through the interviews of 8 journalists. ¨´The theoretical approach is based on the structures that affect ethical decision-making along the hierarchy of influence model, by Shoemaker and Reese (1996) as well as journalists’ positioning of ideology and relativism, an ethical concept developed by Plaisance (2005). Based on the interview data collected for this study, some of the journalists in Sweden claim to be consequence neutral, thus it can be assumed that the responsibility of providing accumulated attention to radical nationalist groups which contribute to their expansion is not taken by many journalists. The focus of the interviewed Swedish journalists is rather on up front nazis than the dubious groups spreading online, with some exceptions, which could help explain the more carefree approach. However, the challenges of similar groups’ potential spreading in the near future is an important reason to address ethical approaches on how to best report on radical nationalist groups promptly.

This study examined the phenomena of dark tourism, aiming to identify the primary factors motivating travellers to visit former concentration and/or extermination camps. Additionally, it explores the ethical aspects associated with the historical significance of the sites and the victims. The target group consisted of individuals who had visited a concentration camp, excluding those who had personal relations to the site or had visited as part of a mandatory school trip. To collect the empirical data for the study, qualitative methods were employed, including netnography and semi-structured interviews. The online platforms that were used are as follows. YouTube, Reddit, TikTok, Tripadvisor, Familjeliv, Fodors, Skalman, and Maria's Memoarer, along with six respondents from the interviews. The results point to several factors driving the motivation to visit a concentration camp, showing that pleasure, adventure, and an interest in death are not the driving factors for the visit. Furthermore, the study revealed that visits to these sites are complex, but by maintaining to the ethical guidelines set by the museums/camps. Concentration and extermination camps can contribute to preserving the memory of its victims and the history behind the destination. 

Objective To investigate potential violations of patient confidentiality or other breaches of medical ethics committed by physicians and medical students active on the social networking site Twitter.

Design Population-based cross-sectional observational study.

Setting The social networking site Twitter (Swedish-speaking users, n=298819).

Population Physicians and medical students (Swedish-speaking users, n=237) active on the social networking site Twitter between July 2007 and March 2012.

Main outcome measure Postings that reflect unprofessional behaviour and ethical breaches among physicians and medical students.

Results In all, 237 Twitter accounts were established as held by physicians and medical students and a total of 13 780 tweets were analysed by content. In all, 276 (1.9%) tweets were labelled as ‘unprofessional’. Among these, 26 (0.2%) tweets written by 15 (6.3%) physicians and medical students included information that could violate patient privacy. No information on the personal ID number or names was disclosed, but parts of the patient documentation or otherwise specific indicatory information on patients were found. Unprofessional tweets were more common among users writing under a pseudonym and among medical students.

Conclusions In this study of physicians and medical students on Twitter, we observed potential violations of patient privacy and other breaches of medical ethics. Our findings underline that every physician and medical student has to consider his or her presence on social networking sites. It remains to be investigated if the introduction of social networking site guidelines for medical professionals will improve awareness.

Joseph Fletcher claims in his Christian situation ethic developed in the nineteen sixties that there is nothing wrong with the use of euthanasia on children born with Down’s syndrome. But is it possible to use his claim of non-persons as non-moral subjects in an ethic that claims not to be legalistic? This paper affirms that Fletcher’s claims are wrong, and that questions motivated by a lack of resources should be answered with a critical discussion regarding those resources. Not with an ethic that supports euthanasia.

The International Council on Archives Code of Ethics was presented in 1996. A great deal has happened in the world and in the discipline of Archival Science since. This article examines and analyses the Code of Ethics with the help of Codes of ethics from other disciplines, the debate surrounding profession ethics and the changes in the world of archives. Three areas are found where improvement in the Code would be preferable. The archivist should be trying to gain a higher autonomy in relation to other professions like economist and lawyers. Inspired by how autonomy is formulated in the pharmacists Code of Ethics. Education should be put in focus when today, at least in the western world, most people that work as archivists generally have a relatively high education. Also, the statements in the Code regarding confidentiality might have to be revisited and discussed again, because of the great changes in the possibility to spread and communicate information after the great increase in digitalization since 1996. Today, the internet as an extra layer of information makes it possible to search and connect personal information with information in archives. We also have the possibility to spread information very fast using smart phones etcetera. This has to be regarded as a change in the possibility to remain confidential.     

In many countries in Europe entrepreneurs take over the responsibility of the integration process. This paper criticizes a certain type of entrepreneurial role model as promoting a single input agent, only counting profit as its input. The possibility of a non-outsourced, conscience-based model for regulating the integration process is discussed as a possibility and as a stepping stone for critique of the entrepreneurial model’s social claims as a whole.

In this scientific essay, I examine the concept of the holistic view — as a notion, its historical development in health and medical care, how it is perceived within current research, and from a philosophical perspective. Phenomenology, hermeneutics and existentialism constitute the philosophical framework and I let these theories go into dialogue with depicted stories from my professional practice as a physiotherapist, and also with my own reflections and past experiences. Health is another concept that I investigate because of its close relationship with wholeness, and also because it is something that man strives towards throughout his life. Since my work is mainly done in meetings with elderly patients, I give extra space to aging and chronic illness as phenomena. The practical wisdom, phronesis, as a form of knowledge, emerges as a basic prerequisite for being able to strive towards a holistic view of an ethically founded quality. Although I will argue that a holistic view is a utopic vision, I conclude that it is still important to strive towards it. The essential part of the holistic approach that emerged, alongside phronesis, I've chosen to call situasyn. The challenge is called NPM.

Följande studie undersöker hur Expressen och Aftonbladet har gestaltat bröderna Robin Dahlén och Christian Karlsson mellan årtalen 1998–2022. Bröderna anklagades för mordet på fyraårige Kevin 1998 och har haft stämpeln barnamördare fram till 2018 när de friades från anklagelserna. Syftet är att undersöka hur bröderna har gestaltats som anklagade barnamördare som barn jämfört med oskyldiga som vuxna vid nyhetsrapportering. Samt om media har brustit i sitt ansvar och kränkt den personliga integriteten i rapporteringen. Det undersöks också hur Robin Dahlén har upplevt och påverkats av rapporteringen som barn samt vuxen.

Undersökningen har utgångspunkt i en kvalitativ språklig textanalys av artiklar från Expressen och Aftonbladet under årtalen 1998, 2017, 2018 och 2022. För att få en djupare förståelse för analysen utfördes också en kvalitativ intervju med Robin Dahlén. Undersökningen grundar sig i tidigare forskning som berör offentlig granskning av barn, ungdomsbrottslighet och felaktigt dömda. Samt teoretiska ramverken medielogiken och mediernas ansvarighet.

Resultatet av undersökningen bekräftar att både Expressen och Aftonbladet gestaltat bröderna på ett negativt sätt när bröderna anklagades för mordet. Tidningarna har skrivit om brödernas personliga integritet genom att nämna dem vid ålder, kön, nationalitet och hemort. På senare år när bröderna har avskrivits från fallet och visats vara felaktigt dömda har media en mer beskrivande bild av hur samhället svikit bröderna genom att kritisera bland annat poliser och politiker som har påverkat bröderna till det negativa. Resultatet av intervjun bekräftar att Robin Dahlén anser att nyhetsrapporteringen inte alltid bemötts positivt av allmänheten. Men han har upplevt medias rapportering av honom som mer hjälpsam än ohjälpsam. 

Denna studie undersöker hur de svenska nyhetsprogrammen Lilla Aktuellt och Rapport rapporterar om krishändelser till barn kontra vuxna. Kriserna som undersöks är 11 september-attackerna 2001, terrorattentaten i Norge 2011 och talibanernas maktövertagande i Afghanistan 2021. 

Studiens metod utgår från en kvalitativ innehållsanalys som baseras på en multimodal analys av audiovisuell kommunikation. Med andra ord analyserar denna studie språk, bild och ljud (semiotiska resurser). Det som undersöks är vilka skillnader och likheter som går att se mellan respektive program när det kommer till gestaltning. Gestaltningen undersöks utifrån fem olika generella gestaltningsramar hämtade från gestaltningsteorin. 

För att se hur de respektive programmen förhåller sig etiskt till sin rapportering relateras rapporteringen till de två journalistiska etiska idealen konsekvensneutralitet och social ansvarsteori. Rapporteringen undersöks även utifrån en indelning i tre vanliga krisfaser som brukar synas i rapporteringen av en kris: (I) mikrofonhållarfasen, (II) kunskapsuppbyggnadsfasen och (III) granskningsfasen. Studien syftar även till att se hur rapporteringen har förändrats över tid, mer specifikt en tidsperiod på 20 år. 

 Resultatet visar att Lilla Aktuellt, som är nyheter för barn, inte tydligt följer de tre krisfaserna och särskilt inte den första fasen – mikrofonhållarfasen. Detta gör emellertid Rapport. I Lilla Aktuellts sändningar dominerar en gestaltning av individers öden, och nyheter emotionaliseras under alla tre faser. I Rapport förändras det dominerande gestaltningsuttrycket beroende på vilken fas rapportering befinner sig i; från en emotionalisering av nyheter till en emfas av konflikter mellan grupper, till fokus på utkrävande av ansvar. Det har även visats tydliga skillnader i det att Lilla Aktuellts rapportering är mer i linje med social ansvarsteori, medan Rapports rapportering är mer konsekvensneutral. 

Utifrån resultatet dras bland annat slutsatserna att emfas på socialt ansvar i krisrapportering är påkallat för både barn och vuxna, samt att en möjlig beskrivning av den inledande fasen av Lilla Aktuellts krisrapportering lämpligen skulle kunna kallas den journalistiska ansvarsfasen.

The language of ethics has become a conspicuous feature of the politics of biomedical research and practice. The last two decades have seen the creation of governmental ethical advisory commissions, administrative bodies charged with ethical decision-making, and public funding for studying the ethical implications of new technologies. This paper analyses the  role of national ethical counsils as advisory bodies in national ethopolitical regimes. This paper addresses the question  wether the instituitonalsization of ethical expertise in  ethics councils as advisory bodies contributes to a limitation of political conflict concerning the biomedical issues. The paper compares two national cases, namely Germany’s National Ethics Council with the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics. Both countries represent contrasting cases of dominant ethical traditions and with regard to the time of emergence of such bodies. The Swedish council was a pioneer institution inaugurated in 1985, whereas Germany´s council  was a latecomer, established in 2001. This paper explores how such advisory institutions actually work from a double perspective. On the one hand, the paper examines the emergence and role of such bodies in political processes and thus how they have come to be understood as “political expertise”; on the other hand, the paper investigates the concrete working procedures of these councils and thus their modes of producing “ethical expertise”. Despite the differences the results of the study indicate similarities in the modes of producing “ethical expertise” and gives indicators, that such national ethics councils infact contributes to a depoliticization of biomedical issues.

There is a paradoxical development that characterizes the way modern societies deal with ethical problems. Issues concerning the good life are privatized and regarded as individual decisions. Simultaneously, there is a politicization of the ethical. The clearest expression may be the institutionalization of ethical expertise or public advisory bodies that act as consultants to political decision-makers. Public ethics bodies challenge conventional categorical ways of thinking about the distinctness of science, ethics and policy. Therefore, it is not surprising that this new type of institution is a contentious issue in both public and academic debates. The existing scholarly literature focusses largely on the relation between ethics advisory bodies and moral philosophy. This paper explores how such advisory institutions actually work from a double perspective. On the one hand, the paper examines the emergence and role of such bodies in political processes and thus how they have come to be understood as “political expertise”; on the other hand, the paper investigates the concrete working procedures of these councils and thus their modes of producing “ethical expertise”. The paper compares two national cases, namely Germany’s National Ethics Council with the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics. Both countries represent contrasting cases of dominant ethical traditions and with regard to the time of emergence of such bodies. The Swedish council was a pioneer institution inaugurated in 1985, whereas Germany´s council  was a latecomer, established in 2001.  Despite the differences the results of the study indicate similarities in the modes of producing “ethical expertise” which in the longer run might lead to stronger convergence. For the most part, commission ethics proves to be a practical matter chiefly determined by pragmatism.

During the past couple of years, genetic genealogy has been used as an instrument for law enforcement to identify and catch criminals of unsolved cases. The method has created an ethical discussion concerning individual integrity and the potential risks an implementation of a method like this could cause. The purpose of this essay is to examine this method from an ethical perspective and discuss aspects like personal integrity, legislation and in what way people who send in their DNA to genealogy companies can affect their genetic data. Five different DNA testing genealogy companies have been selected to study and discuss in this essay. By examining their terms of conditions and privacy policies, the study will investigate how these companies act regarding the potential use from law enforcement of their DNA-databases to solve crimes. Parts of the current ethical debate regarding the method will also be presented and discussed to show potential advantages and disadvantages using a method like this could lead to.

The results from the study show that forensic genetic genealogy could have both its advantages and disadvantages. Using the method has shown to be successful in capturing perpetrators behind unsolved crimes but it has also led to innocent people getting involved into criminal investigations. There are multiple ethical aspects concerning the method and the results show that there is a lack of research about the method and these aspects. There is also a lack of legislation or other forms of regulations regarding the method. The conclusion that therefore has been made is that there needs to be more research made about the ethical aspects of the method and that there needs to be more regulations to avoid the disadvantages using the method potentially could bring.

Norm criticism is a well-spoken topic in the Swedish after-school center, never has the gender and race aspect been so debated as now. In this candidate thesis, norm criticism in the Swedish after-school center, is brought to the surface and put into the perspective of intersectionality through two cases. Their cultural background and normative values will also play a role. Our two cases connected through years of working in the after-school center, will be debated through different contemporary articles, literature and a observation as well to bring focus on norm critical pedagogy. We will work around the questions; how do we use norm critical pedagogy, if we don’t know whose norms to emanate from, and how important are norms really in our daily work as teachers? Do all students get the same treatment, or is there a difference between students with a minority background, and is there a difference between how teachers view, categories and judge them according to their own evaluation and norms?

This report presents a comprehensive set of recommendations for protection of human beings who are trafficked for the purpose of organ removal or are targeted for such trafficking. Developed by an interdisciplinary group of international experts under the auspices of the project Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal (also known as the HOTT project), these recommendations are grounded in the view that an individual who parts with an organ for money within an illegal scheme is ipso facto a victim and that the crime of trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal (THBOR) intersects with the crime of trafficking in organs. Consequently, the protection of victims should be a priority for all actors involved in antitrafficking activities: those combating organ-related crimes, such as health organizations and survivor support services, and those combating trafficking in human beings, such as the criminal justice sectors. Taking into account the special characteristics of THBOR, the authors identify 5 key stakeholders in the protection of human beings trafficked for organ removal or targeted for such trafficking: states, law enforcement agencies and judiciary, nongovernmental organizations working in the areas of human rights and antitrafficking, transplant centers and health professionals involved in transplant medicine, and oversight bodies. For each stakeholder, the authors identify key areas of concern and concrete measures to identify and protect the victims of THBOR. The aim of the recommendations is to contribute to the development of a nonlegislative response to THBOR, to promote the exchange of knowledge and best practices in the area of victim protection, and to facilitate the development of a policy-driven action plan for the protection of THBOR victims in the European Union and worldwide.

This essay tries to demarcate and analyse Artificial Intelligence ethics. Going away from the traditional distinction in normative, meta, and applied ethics, a different split is executed, inspired by the three most prominent schools of thought: deontology, consequentialism, and Aristotelian virtue ethics. The reason behind this alternative approach is to connect all three schools back to ancient Greek philosophy. Having proven that the majority of arguments derive from some ancient Greek scholars (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), a new voice is initiated into the discussion, Protagoras the Sophist. A big advocate of -the later conceived- humanism and relativism, Protagoras is used as a prism to examine a new ethical model that is based on the personalization of agents. In other words, even though theories of objectivity have overflown contemporary discussions of finding a robust ethical model for Artificial Intelligence agents, there is potential in a subjective model, personalised after each and every user.

In this chapter, Swedish philosopher Sven-Olov Wallenstein traces a series of versions of nineteenth-century anxiety connected to industrialism and mobility, an anxiety that continued into early twentieth-century modernism, and one which may be understood as the acute question of what could be accepted as the organic expression of the contemporary moment. Fashion here appears both as the very image of a severing of form and content, of an undoing of the ‘juncture’ between the architectural body and its outward appearance, but also, as in Le Corbusier, as the model for a new and more flexible ‘fit’ between body and movement. 

This thesis is a qualitative study that examines the correlation between the activist movement #MeToo and the possible effects it had on journalists’ professional conduct with regard to ethics, through the theoretical framework of journalism culture and patriotic journalism. The analysis is based on six semi- structured interviews with journalists that were involved in publications during the height of the #MeToo movement in Sweden. The study indicates that the movement influenced the informants, several found it difficult to differentiate the personal and work-related impact it had on them at the time. Their intense coverage of the movement was fueled by the engaged public, as well as the activist movement itself, which could be interpreted as market orientation or interventionism – or both. Their expressed solidarity with the movement’s values and goals, as well as the fact that their own industry had a specific #MeToo- campaign, positioned the journalists between their solidarity to the society and their professional identity.

Sponsorship is an important source of income for sports associations in Sweden, where a lot of good can come from various sponsorships, but it can also lead to difficult ethical positions for the associations. Even though the Swedish sports confederation (RF) has a clear policy on tobacco, narcotics, doping and alcohol that it should not be encouraged, you can see that there are still associations that allow themselves to be sponsored by these types of companies, above all in the rest of the world, but also in Sweden. Regarding betting companies, the boundaries are unclear despite the football associations' knowledge of its problems. The purpose of the study is how football associations in the Allsvenskan reason about sponsorship, sponsorship that can be considered problematic, and how associations relate to CSR, finances, legitimacy, ethics and the norms and values of sport, as well as what impact it can have on society.

To answer the purpose and the questions in the study, three different theories have been used; Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Ethics and Institutional Change and Legitimacy. The method used was a qualitative research method and the approach to collect the empirical data was; semi-structured interviews. Three informants from AIK, Brommapojkarna and Hammarby participated in the study, all of them hold high-ranking titles in the respective football association and are well versed in the organization's sponsorship work.

The study contributes to a greater understanding of sponsorship and how football associations in the Allsvenskan reason. The study makes it clear that the football associations' sponsorship is based on legal factors, the ethical factors are more important than the financial ones and the philanthropic elements are essential to positively impact society. The football associations try to involve sponsors in their social work and one requirement is that they must relate to football's norms and values. The football associations in the study are proactive in improving their sponsorships and creating a positive impact both on and off the pitch.