The purpose of this study is to analyse the attitude of four teachers to leadership in the classroom. The main research questions asked were:

• What are the teachers` views on leadership in the classroom?
• What does good versus  bad leadership mean to the teachers?
• What factors influence the teachers' leadership in the classroom, according to themselves?

The method used is the qualitative method and interviews, which is my empirical material, I relate to different theories and previous research of leadership.

The curriculum for the compulsory school system, the pre-school class and the leisure-time centre, Lpo 94, says a lot about how both the school and the teacher must pursue a democratic activity; the teacher must have a democratic leadership in the classroom (Lpo 94, s. 5). At school, the pupils should be met with respect, they should feel safe and be motivated to learn. They must constantly develop and have lots of opportunities to experience the joy of making progress (Lpo 94, s. 7).

A teacher's leadership is all about control and leading students to the goals that are set up and that pupils should achieve. Knowledge and development are the most important factors in school and therefore it is important to find out what different leadership styles that are most successful.

This is a study on leisure-time teachers' experiences of using digital tools in leisure-time centers. The study aims to explore leisure-time teachers' views on the challenges and opportunities with ICT. The research questions focus on the teachers' experiences and descriptions of using ICT. Our review of previous research has shown both opportunities and challenges with ICT in the school environments. We have approached this from an educational perspective based on a qualitative study derived from empirical material gathered from interviews with six leisure-time teachers about their experiences of the opportunities and challenges of using digital tools in leisure activities. We have also analyzed how students and leisure-time teachers learn from each other by using digital tools and what consequences this has for the professional role of leisure-time teachers. We have adopted a sociocultural perspective, Vygotsky's concepts of the zone of proximal development, mediation, and artifacts. These theories help us understand how children learn through interaction and the use of digital tools as cultural artifacts. The results show that digital tools can help promote students' interest, creativity, and knowledge of various subject areas. Leisure-time teachers experience both possible aspects of digital integration and challenges such as a lack of resources, such as an insufficient number of iPads or that existing devices are outdated, and the need to manage screen time and privacy. In the discussion section, the study's results and analysis are examined in relation to previous research to identify points of comparison and similarities.

The purpose of the study is to examine whether there is a connection between conflicts that arise between the students and the free play at the leisure center, and how these conflicts are handled. I answered the study's question with the help of qualitative interviews and observations. I interviewed four educators at four different leisure centers, and observed these activities. I have analyzed the empirical data from the sociocultural perspective. The result showed a clear connection between conflicts that arise between the students and the free play. The results also showed that the teachers in the leisure activities make use of the conflict management method mediation.

This essay takes its starting point in two stories where we each describe a self-experienced dilemma. By using the stories as a starting point, the essay aims to find out what the advantages and disadvantages of reward and punishment are and why they have such a significant place in schools.The essay also aims to account for alternative methods in addition to reward and punishment.

We are using the essay as our method, which means that, by letting our stories meet research, theories and literature, we reflect on our actions and thus try to create new knowledge. In order to get a historical perspective on reward and punishment we turn to B. F. Skinner and behaviorism. To approach behavioral problems and methods for dealing with them, we have used Ross W. Greene and his motto "children behave if they can" and Bo Hejlskov Elvén's approach low-affective treatment. To explain the presence of reward and punishment in school, we have used Jesper Juul's and Helle Jensen's concept of obedience culture. 

We find that reward and punishment are big concepts that include several dimensions and that it is not possible to easily classify them as good or bad and right or wrong. However, we discover that they canlead to objectification of children and that there are methods to deal with behavioral problems that do not include reward or punishment. 

The purpose of this study is to investigate how five educators define the concepts of inclusion and children in need of special support. The purpose is also to see in what way they in the discursive practice design an inclusive curriculum.

The research questions posed were: 1) in what way do educators define the concept of children in need of special support, 2) in what way do educators speak when describing an inclusive preschool and 3) in what way do educators design an inclusive curriculum based on their understanding of the definition of children in need of special support.

To answer these questions, we have used a qualitative method where we conducted observations and interviews. The study was based on post structural theory. We analyzed the results based on the educators' linguistic expressions and definitions.

The conclusions in this study showed that educators have similar definitions of the concept of inclusion and children in need of special support.

Some of these definitions concern children with diagnoses and children without, children with difficulty, special children, children who run away, children who do not follow instructions, children with various physical and cognitive barriers.

Furthermore, the results showed that all participants believe that the environment is the most important factor in creating an inclusive curriculum thusly that it is the environment that should be adapted to the child and not the child to the environment. 

The purpose of this study is through a teacher perspective gain insight to the knowledge former Sodertorn teacher students possess of intercultural pedagogy and if they use it at work. The studies main perspective is the intercultural perspective, which has been the study's lead perspective. This study also made use out of a sociocultural perspective as it fits with the intercultural perspective and puts its mark in the study.

This study has used interviews for data collection. Five former Sodertorn teacher students were interviewed, the interview participants work as teachers. These five teachers’ experiences and statements were the focus of this study, the teachers had to demonstrate their intercultural skills and how they use these skills in their classroom. The study showed that four out of five interviewed teachers use intercultural education, these teachers always try to find students development zones and prior knowledge. Intercultural pedagogy approach for example focuses on the students' culture, knowledge, belongings and background. The four out of five interview participants that use intercultural pedagogy hope that their students get a deeper understanding of people that possess a different culture, religion and background. The four out of five teachers use intercultural strategies and these strategies are considered applicable when it comes to intercultural perspective.

The purpose of this study was to get insights about how educators in extra-curricular activities, reason about student influence. Specifically how six educators in extra- curricular activities in different schools, take student influence in regard while planning structured activities in past schooltime care. The method utilized in this study has been qualitative interviews. The educators are all from the greater Stockholm area, specifically schools run by the municipality of Stockholm and Botkyrka. The results of the study showed that the presence of student influence varied significantly among the schools. The study showed that one of the deciding factors were how the educators embraced and put student influence into practice. Another deciding factor were the conditions for student influence provided by school management, this factor also varied largely among the studyobjects. The results has further been analyzed through Lev Vygotskij’s socio-cultural perspective and the conclusion was that student influence needs to be further developed in both group and organization level. 

The aim of this study is to investigate how elementary school teachers use conceptual understanding in the teaching of the variable concept, namely, how these teachers connect the variable concept with other areas of mathematics, such as algebraic expressions. 

The empirical data was obtained by qualitative methods comprising interviews with five mathematic elementary school teachers. In addition three observations in three classrooms were made; one observation is in grade 4 and the other two are in grade 6.The theoretical framework is based on Kilpatrick et al. (2001) theories: conceptual understanding, strategic competence and procedural fluency. Furthermore the theory of representations of Bergsten et. al (1997) and Persson (2010) were used in the theoretical framework.

The results of this study show that none of the five participating teachers connects the variable concept to other areas of mathematics, such as algebraic expressions. However, two of them mention the variable concept in equations, problem-solving, algebraic expressions and shapes, but without explaining the meaning of the variable concept or how that concept is used and integrated into these mentioned areas of mathematics. Furthermore the study shows that the other three participating teachers mention the variable only to one to two areas of mathematics. These areas are problem- solving and shapes. These teachers do not explain how the variable concept is used in the mentioned areas of mathematics, but they focus on how the calculation will be performed to solve the data they used. The participating teachers do not use any representations to explain the variable concept and how it’s connected to the other areas of mathematics. In conclusion, the variable concept was not explained and its connection to other mathematical areas was not addressed, which due to the absence of usage of conceptual understanding in teaching the variable concept.

The aim is to examine how teachers view their leadership, how leadership is used and developed, and what kind of perceptions teachers have of leadership and how it is important to their students.

My questions are: 

• In what ways can the teachers develop their leadership?
• In what ways can the teachers make use of leadership in the classroom?
• What do the teachers in the study consider to be a good leadership?
• What do the teachers inte the study think of their leadership and its´ importance to students?

The study uses a qualitative research method and consists of interviews with four teachers working in a school south of Stockholm. The results of the study shows that teachers´ leadership in the classroom has a significance for students´ learning and development. The teachers´style of leadership should not be static and should be adapted to students´development level. The results also shows that teachers´ leadership in the classroom is about various tasks. The conclusions are that the teacher in her/his leadership needs to be democratic and allow students to affect the activities in the classroom, but also use an authoritarian leadership to get an effective classroom.

The aim of the study is to examine which strategies do elementary school teachers use to motivate their students to read, and what strategies do teachers and students consider to be the most effective: Internal or external motivation. The methods for collecting data have been observations, interviews and webpages, and thud the study contains both quantitative and qualitative elements. The result of the current study showed that teachers used both inner and outer motivations to motivate students with intention of adapting teaching to the students' needs and conditions as mentioned in the curriculum.The results also displayed that students are motivated by both external and internal motivation, for example, inner motivation was created when students experienced responsibility for their learning, while external motivation was when students learning involved reward and assessment.

The purpose of the study is to examine how feedback on written texts is given at secondary school level in the subject of English, and what effects the different feedback methods provide. The purpose is also to investigate what level of student texts the teacher mainly focuses on when providing feedback: the task level, the metacognitive level, the process level or the personal level. The essay is based on interviews, observations and content analysis of teachers' comments. The result showed that the motivations behind the methods, as well as the methods themselves, were similar between institutions and educators. The preferred method of communicating the feedback was to do it in writing, rather than orally. Finally, the results displayed that teachers combine giving feedback at a task-level, a process level, a metacognitive level, and a personal level.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how six students who attend a high school relate to their multilingualism and emphasize how their multilingualism has affected their views of themselves and their identity. The fundamental questions were:

• How do six students who attend a secondary school relate to their multilingualism?
• How has students' multilingualism affected their views of themselves and their identity?

I did use a qualitative research method in terms of interviews to receive answers for my inquiries.

Carla Jonsson (2010) speaks inter alia about “the third space” which concerns adolescents creating a “third room”. Almqvist (2006) believes that adolescents that are exposed to discrimination and prejudices can lead to them turning their backs on society in disappointment. Boyd (1985) has, in his thesis, found that multilingual students communicate with the majority language and with their mother tongue with their parents. Sjöqvist & Lindberg (1996) believe that people gain access to other cultures through their multilingualism which leads to new ways of thinking.

The result of my investigation showed that the informants were in favor of their multilingualism and they see it as a benefit. The informants have created their own identity by combining their homeland’s language with the majority language. They see themselves as a resource for the society.

 The aim of this intervention study is to investigate the use of concept maps as a pedagogical tool to promote discussions around subject-specific concepts in history education. Additionally, the study seeks to explore students' experiences with using concept maps. The intervention study is implemented with fourth-grade pupils. 

 This study answers the following questions:

 ·      In what ways can concept maps facilitate discussions around subject-specific concepts?

·      How do pupils experience the work with concept maps?

·      What is the relationship between the collected material and pupils' experiences?

The intervention study employs a Lesson Study approach and incorporates two qualitative methods: observations, group interviews, and analysis of both first and second text-talk sessions between nine pupils in two groups. The study's theoretical framework is based on concept maps, participation, and interaction. Participation has been divided into three different levels based on the collected material to facilitate the analysis. The levels of participation in the study are categorized as follows: at the first level, pupils remain silent and passively attend the conversation, offering no personal input or opinions. Moving to the second level, pupils engage to varying degrees, sometimes affirming others' ideas without expressing their own. Finally, at the third level, pupils actively contribute to the discussion by sharing their own thoughts, expanding on others' ideas, and engaging in reciprocal dialogue.

The results showed that integration of concept maps increased the students' understanding and discussion around subject-specific concepts. They could connect different concepts and analyze their relationships, indicating an improvement in their conceptual understanding and knowledge. The pupils' enhanced engagement, supported by positive experiences with concept maps, is further confirmed by discussion observations. This correlation between student experiences and collected material supports the study's credibility.This underscores the significance of concept maps as a pedagogical tool for advancing understanding of subject-specific concepts in history education. 

This study aims to investigate the effects of cooperative learning on pupils’ knowledge and development with a particular focus on concepts and conceptual understanding in mathematics. By employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study compared the effectiveness of cooperative learning to traditional teaching approaches in grade 4. The following question was formulated to research the aim of this study:

• How does pupils’' understanding of concepts in mathematics differ after traditional teaching compared to teaching with cooperative learning in grade 4?

Svanelid’s (2014) three aspects were used as an analysis model in this intervention study. With the analysis model, teachers can assess whether pupils have understood various mathematical concepts. The results of the aim showed that cooperative learning had a significant positive impact on pupils’ learning and their understanding of geometrical concepts. Through collaborative activities and interactive discussions, pupils actively participated in the learning process, leading to improved comprehension and retention of geometric concepts. However due to introduction of methodological weaknesses and potential biases the results can not be considered as statistically sound.

The study indicated development in pupils’ learning and understanding of mathematics. In an attempt to pursue the main aim of this study, traditional teaching and cooperative learning were used as teaching techniques for pupils to study the development of their learning. After each teaching method, tests were used to identify the results of the analysis. The results indicated progression in the pupils’ learning by using cooperative teaching. Teachers are encouraged to further investigate cooperative learning techniques in their lessons as it potentially can increase pupils’ learning. More research is needed to establish a correlation between the use of cooperative learning in the teaching of mathematical concepts.

The purpose of this scholarly essay is to gain an increased understanding of the power relationship between teachers in after-school centers and teachers in the compulsory school. The starting point for the essay is a story which deals with various self-experienced situations where an imbalance in power is perceived as particularly noticeable. The choice of method, to write a scholarly essay with a hermeneutic approach, means that the own experience has been given room in the essay. To achieve the purpose of the essay, two questions were formulated – how the power relationship can be understood and how the after-school teacher can make room for their own competence and knowledge. These questions were examined from a historical perspective and a knowledge perspective as well as from Bourdieu ́s theory of capital and Foucault ́s thoughts on power. The first question could be answered within the limits of the essay: the power relationship can be understood as a product of the after-school center ́s historical emergence, as a reproduction of the view of knowledge and as a result of the interaction and competition between the individuals and the institutions. The second question, on the other hand, is not possible to answer before a balance in power between the after-school center and the school has been reached – before that, it is not realistic to talk about making room for the after-school teacher ́s competence and knowledge.

This thesis is a comparative analysis between two books from the Sookie Stackhouse series by Charlaine Harris. We chose to work with book 1 - Dead Until Dark and book 10 - Dead in the Family. Our analysis is based on a gender perspective, using the litterature we present in previous research and theory. The aim for the thesis was to examine how gender and sexuality is portrayed in the books. In addition, we have looked at how the books represent gender norms in society through their characters and if named characters change throughout the series. We have applied comparative analysis and Nikolajeva's scheme on stereotypical males and females in litterature. We chose to analyse the four main characters - Sookie, Bill, Eric and Sam. In our analysis we discuss how the balance of power between the characters is portrayed as well as their gender and sexuality in relation to each other.

Our analysis indicate that the characters are mainly portrayed with stereotypical gender norms and the comparison between the two books shows us no or very little development of named norms. Moreover, we observed that Sookies female gender is portrayed in relation to the three male characters, Bill, Eric and Sam. In addition, the male characters gender is also described in relation to the female character. Our analysis through Nikolajeva´s scheme depicts the characters in all categories of stereotypical gender roles. Sookie could often be categorized as a normative female whilst Bill and Eric in majority were categorized as normative males. Sams character was the only one to portray both female and male characteristics. This was depicted in both books. Further more, the male genders were portrayed similar in both books although the characters were mentioned more regularly in book 1 compared to book 10. Conclusively, we discussed how the books can be used in class to teach about gender, sexuality and norms. Lastly, we stressed what the positive and negative outcomes for teachers may be and what we think is important in class not to emulate stereotypical gender roles.

I denna vetenskapligaessä undersöker jag hur förskolan arbetar med deliberativ demokrati, dvs i vilken utsträckning barnen har möjlighet att diskutera och debattera frågor för att sedan kunna påverka gemensamma beslut på ett inkluderande sätt. Jag har främst fokus på de barn med begränsat eller obefintligt talspråk, där jag ställer mig frågande till om deliberativ demokratiform är möjlig. I essän beskriver jag två olika händelser från mitt yrkesliv där barn är frusterade av olika anledningar och hur jag som förskollärare bemöter dem och hanterar situationerna. Jag har också gjort en deltagande observation på en förskola som jag besökt, som gav mig mycket stoff och tankar i min text, där jag fick ställa mig lite utanför situationer och observera dessa istället för att själv vara aktiv.

John Deweys och Jürgen Habermas idéer om kommunikation och lärandet i samspel lyfter jag för att få en inblick i deliberativ demokrati. Under studiens gång har språkets betydelse, makt och tolkning, förskolans förutsättningar och praktisk kunskap blivit de centrala delarna. Jag reflekterar kring mina erfarenheter, observationer och de valda teoretiska perspektiven. Det har givit mig många infallsvinklar och tankar under resan. Jag har blivit mer medveten om hur dominerande det individualistiska tänkandet är inom förskolan och att vi tappar den gemensamma tanken och känslan för varandra. Begreppen "motstånd" och "obemärkt styrning", som förskoleforskaren Klara Dolk använder sig av, har gjort ett starkt avtryck hos mig och understryker vilken kraft och tolkningsföreträde vi pedagoger har. Vidare öppnar jag upp för reflektion om utbildningen ska ha samma styrdokument från ett års ålder till sex år, eller om den måste förtydligas och anpassas till olika utvecklingsnivåer. En förskola för alla, men där alla kan bli sitt bästa jag i relation till andra.  

The focus of this study is to examine how schoolteachers talks about the relation between the level of expectations and the identity construction of school students.  Teachers expectations is a recurring concept in the school world and in the Swedish school law. It is highly recommended in the teaching processes that teachers should have high expectations on their students. Individuals understands and interpret the concept of expectations in different ways according to their own values, standards and norms. The aim in this study is to clarify what discourse is common or used among teachers.

Two discourses where identified in the analysis of teachers construction of expectations in relations to students in ground school and also of their social background.

Since 2009 results from the Pisa test shows that Swedish schools are progressing a big gap between the students that achieves and those who doesn`t. It also shows that the students who is preforming the worst results are those whom lives and goes to school in a socioeconomic disadvantaged area. Through this study it can be visible how  the grade of a teachers expectations forms by the way a child build his or her own identity towards the world.

The data is collected through semi-structured interviews with four teachers. The analyses are based on a discursive psychological analysis.

This study shows that teachers speaks and understands different of expectations but a discourse of goals and achivements is clear and a part of a political school discourse.  It also appears that, depending on the students background, the teacher can change the grade of the expectation and refers to pupils from a socio economic disadvantage areas as poorly impaired students.

The aim of our graduate work is to study the importance of image and shape’s in children's development and learning and also the preschool teacher’s views on image and shapes. Our research aims to explore the value of image and shapes creation and how it is expressed among children and in classroom activities. We are also interested in finding out how it differs from adults' views and what materials teachers use to promote the image and shapes creation in the curriculum. In our own experience, image and shapes activities are often structured differently in different curriculum activities. We therefore want to study how certain preschools work with image and form creation with children in preschool. We have performed the study through five qualitative interviews with preschool teachers and four observations on three different preschools in Stockholm.

The main theory of the extension of our work is about Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective. We will find out about how according to the sociocultural perspective children can develop learning. The conclusion we have reached is that the preschool teachers interviewed seem to agree greatly with each other about how image and shapes creation affects for children's development and learning. Although there were some minor differences, for example, if the children learned by imitating each other in creative work. But in this part it was just one preschool teacher who differed from the others' vague.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of the preschool teachers, working with the preschool bus, regarding challenges and children's interactions in different learning environments offered by mobile preschool.

The metod used in this study is the qualitative semi-structured interviews with four preschool teachers. The theoretical ground used to perform the analyse in the study is represented by socio-cultural perspective and hermeneutic research effort. 

The study shows that the interaction between children is the same in all environments but that the interaction between children and the environment might be different depending on the development and intrests of the preschool children. The survey shows that this interaction between children and the environment begins before the bus week and that the starting point in the interaction can be expressed by intrest, bus destinations and preschool topic.

The survey shows that one challenge might be that the preschool children need to be able to adapt to more environments than they are used to. The survey even shows that such challenge can be even greater if there are children with special needs in the group. The preschool bus can be also a challenge in bad weather days since the children have to share space and material.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how a group of students experience their learning when working in groups, and determine if they prefer to work individually or in groups. This study will also investigate what the students believe that they learn when working in groups. The study is based on these two questions:

• How and what do students perceive that they learn from working in groups?
• Do the students in my study prefer to work in groups or individually?

The method I have used to retrieve information has been to interview four different students. The interviews were individual; I did so to get a deeper view of how students perceive their own learning in groups. I chose a selection of students, two girls and two boys ranging in the ages from 15 to 16 years old, these pupils were all attending the same school. Social Constructivism is the theoretical perspective that my essay is based on. The key concepts of my essay are based on the terms "the horizon of understanding" which come from the hermeneutic research tradition and life-world which is a central concept in the phenomenological research tradition.

The results from this study show that students believe that the spoken interaction in groups is important. The students believe that their individual learning can be developed further with the help of oral interactions, an example given is when students embrace new ideas and thoughts by talking to each other in groups. Based on the results of the interviews, students feel that their individual learning is affected positively when working in groups.

This study shows that when students are being asked if they prefer to work in groups or individually, the answer is evenly divided, but with a small majority favoring to work in groups. However, almost all students who participated in my study believe that working in group is almost all the time a fun method of working and studying.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of teaching, through an intervention, in writing of instructive texts. That has been done by using the first and second phases of the cycle of teaching and learning in 6^th grade. The study would also like to examine how teachers use of scaffolding effects the student’s language and subject knowledge in writing instructive texts.

To examine this, two research questions were formulated:

-       How do teachers use the first two phases of the curriculum cycle with scaffolding in their own, and in the interventions teaching to guide the students in teaching writing instructive texts in 6^th grade?

-       How does the student’s knowledge about instructive texts differ, before and after teaching through the first two phases of the curriculum cycle and intervention?

To collect the data for the study a knowledge test has been carried out, together with qualitative observations and one qualitative interview. The data have then been analyzed by using an analytic tool inspired by the theories of the cycle of teaching and learning and scaffolding.

The results of the study indicate that teachers should find out what previous knowledge the students have to use this as a base when teaching writing instructive texts trough, the first two phases of the cycle of teaching and learning. Teachers should also vary their scaffolding methods to guide and include all the students in teaching writing of instructive texts. Finally, the results of the intervention show that students improved their knowledge in both language and in the subject as a whole, while receiving teaching with scaffolding and the curriculum cycle that is based on their previous knowledge.

Sweden is a multicultural country and because of this the Swedish school-system should be adapted so that all pupils can develop their linguistic skills so that they can participate andunderstand the education. By using scientific work from other researchers and my own experiences from a general point of view, I noticed that pupils with foreign origin perform less good in mathematics than pupils with Swedish origin, in the Swedish education system.

The purpose of this research is to find out if communication and interplay between the pupils makes it easier for them to understand mathematics and its’ concepts. My research involves acertain school class were all pupils have another etnicity then the Swedish one. My aim was to find out if the pupils reached the knowledge-goals for mathematics in the third grade. Especially in the areas of solution solving and the understanding of mathematical texts. I wanted to find out if communication and interplay between the pupils lead to increasedprogress in the Swedish language and increased understanding of mathematical texts. I also examined what possibilities the pupils have to absorb and understand the education and how favourable the conditions are in their teaching process. My starting points were Vygotskijs’ sociocultural perspective. The main research questions were:

• Is the language a barrier for the pupils in my research group when they develop their mathematical knowledge?
• Which approach may enhance the pupils knowledge in mathematics?

The research is based on interviews with the teacher and observations of the pupils during mathematic lessons. With the help of the empirical material I wanted to increase myunderstanding about the process of learning and development in the class and about how the teacher labours and reflects around the situation. She practiced silent and individual studies in the class. The result of this research showed that the pupils were not benefited by the teachersmethods and that they did not reach the main goals in Swedish and mathematics for the earlier years in Swedish compulsory school. The reason to this result is mainly that language and learning go hand in hand and that mathematics requires a good vocabulary and good reading comprehension.

In this article, we explore the role of film in educational settings and argue that testimony and narrative are dependent upon each other for developing ethical judgments. We use the film 12 Angry Men to enhance our thesis that the emotional response that sometimes is intended in using film as testimonies in classrooms requires a specific listening; a listening that puts pupils at risk when they relate testimonies to their own life narratives. The article raises the importance of listening in training narrative ethos in relation to violence witnessed in film. The article contributes by enhancing an understanding of a relational dimension to testimony and narrative, which, in an Arendtian sense, is also put forward as a political relation.

In professional practice as a preschool teacher there can be a difficult balance between giving the children “real influence” in their everyday life and education and at the same time raise and educate them based on the norms, laws and governing documents that must be followed within the practice. This study aims to find out the teachers own view and perception of the interpretable concept “real influence” and how this is practiced in their daily interaction with the children combined with planned and goal-oriented teaching activities.

In order to get results that would contribute to the discussion of this subject we collected empirical data from interviewing preschool teachers and observing their interaction with the children during planned, goal-oriented teaching activities. The empirical data were analyzed with a phenomenographic approach. We analyzed and reflected on the material from several different points of view to try to deepen our understanding and be able to draw well-founded conclusions. We sought support and knowledge using Foucault's power theory and Mead's intersubjectivity theory, which we then linked to the data we collected.

The results of this discussion suggest that there is always a balance between real influence and control in the education and interaction with children. It is up to the teachers to define and judge where the line is drawn. Based on their knowledge, experience and governing documents they must determine what is in the best interest for the children both in the present time and in the future.

Our study is within the field of leisure education and the purpose of our study is to investigate educare centre teachers' views on whether there is a connection between their relationships with the students and students’ wellbeing. Previous research shows that there is a connection between good teacher-student relationships and students' wellbeing. To collect answers to our inquiries we have interviewed six certificated teachers in Swedish School age educare centre from three different schools in the Stockholm area, and examine how they concretely work with the students' wellbeing and educare centre teachers’ views on relationships. The study isqualitative and based on structured interviews. The research showed that the educare centreteachers see a connection between the work in relationship-building and the students' wellbeing. However, the results casted, challenges for large student groups and how it affects the work in relationship buildings. Subsequently, the result has been analyzed based on Antonovsky's theory SoC, sense of coherence, which includes three components; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Finally, the study is discussed in relation to previous research, chosen method, proposals for continued research and how the study can contribute to professional development.

This essay explores the representation of pedagogy in the fictional works of the Harry Potter books and how teachers can use this to gain new knowledge to some extent and draw inspiration from it. It continues by arguing that fiction can be used as a source of new knowledge both on a general level and in a school context when used in the classroom. The Harry Potter books are particularly good to use since they belong to the crossover literature genre, which can arouse the desire to read both in young people such as students and adults such as teachers. The basis for this analysis is J.K Rowling's characterisation of the teachers at Hogwarts, the school of witchcraft and wizardry, and the teaching methods that are used at Hogwarts. The following teachers will be analysed: Professor Dumbledore, Professor McGonagall, Professor Snape, Professor Lupin and Professor Umbridge. In order to be able to analyze these teachers, they will first and foremost be divided into different teaching styles with associated sub-areas to see how they teach. Furthermore, different teaching philosophers will be used, where among others, the concept "learning by doing" by John Dewey will be included.

In this essay, my focus has been to study the progress of the ”new” fathers ideals in youth literature used in schools today. The base for my comparative study on the ”new” fathers change over time, has been the article of Vivi Edtröms ”Det gäller pappa – fäder och döttrar i ungdomsboken” which she presents in Ungdomsboken from 1984. What Edtröm has done is pin-pointing some of the ”new” fathers attributes in youth literature of the 1970’s. In this study, I also incorporated some of the didactic aspects that teachers need to have in mind when choosing literature for students to read.

My analysis show new problem areas in the description of the father in youth literature written in the last 20 years.  These  new father ideals where not present in Edtröms study conducted in the 1970’s. These new ideals that I have seen in my study, has an origin in honor cultures and is a relatively new phenomenon in Swedish youth literature. This by itself demands that teachers today need to have a good insight in present gender and reception research to be able to use youth literature in classroom situations and in the same time follow the directives that the curriculum statues. The teacher’s awareness of gender specific issues is central in order to deal with the questions that can be highlighted when letting students read literature that has such distinctive attributes of fathers from an other religion and culture, particular fathers from an Middle Eastern origin.

The purpose of this study is to find out which attitudes, norms and values exists about lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) families in preschools. Based on five qualitative interviews with teachers that work at a LGBT-certified preschool and one that is active in their work with norm critical pedagogy. To be able to fulfil my purpose of this study I concentrated on why these teachers believed that it was of importance to counter society’s heteronormativity, to prevent discrimination and mistreatments towards children and their LGBT parents in preschool. I wanted to find out what the teachers thoughts were on the concept of what a family is and how the diversity of families is shown in the preschools material and pedagogy.

When I analysed the results of my qualitative interviews I used queer theories that include heteronormativity and norm critical pedagogy. The interviews of the teachers showed that they thought it was of great importance to work with a norm critical pedagogy because they did not believe that society’s heteronormativity could or should rule in preschools. The assumption that the majority, to not say all of the children, come from nuclear families does not agree with the reality of many children in our society. To assume such thing can lead to discrimination and obscureness. The results of my study show that by reviewing your own norms and perceptions of normality, will allow you to work with a norm critical approach. It also gives you an awareness that will help you as an educator to make sure that more children and families feel that they are acknowledged and respected. The active choice of methods and materials in the preschool helps the teachers to ensure that the children can be seen and reflected on a daily basis. By questioning heteronormativity in preschool, teachers offer children more opportunities and presents different realities. It also helps them to develop measures to analyse the norms and not just assume that there is only one right way to live.

The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers' conditions for and experiences of teaching in a multicultural classroom and how teachers relate to the intercultural mission. To examine this purpose the study takes part in a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with teachers from a county in Stockholm, Sweden. The study’s theoretical framework underlines the sociocultural perspective and the intercultural perspective along with the term multicultural. The results show that several of the interviewees expressed that time had an impact on teaching in the classroom. It takes time and energy to adapt the lessons to each student and their needs. It also takes time to plan the lessons which affects the recovery time which is very needed for the teaching quality of the lesson. The results show that the teacher's knowledge of how they are supposed to teach in a multicultural classroom and how to adapt to an intercultural approach comes from their own experiences and not from any kind of education or course. The teachers have then learned how to handle different difficulties and challenges together with their colleagues. The teachers express that they use the students' cultures, backgrounds, experiences and compare different countries in the lesson to get the students to relate to the teaching material. From their own experiences the teachers have developed qualities that they consider important to have in a multicultural classroom. These qualities create a positive and safe environment where students can feel comfortable and open up for discussions. The results show that some of the teachers expressed that smaller groups contribute to better quality and make it easier to teach. This makes it easier for students to focus and interact with each other.

The purpose of this research is to analyze how women are being portrayed through a gender perspective in three different textbooks. The purpose also includes a comparison between existing research in this field and this specific research to analyze whether there are any inequities between one another. The results that will be presented will answers the following issues:

1. In what way are women being portrayed in text?

2. In what way are women being portrayed through image?

3. Are there any patterns between these four textbooks that can be distinguished, and if so, what are they?

The methods that had been used to complete this study involved a quantitative and qualitative study. In addition, an image analysis has also been used to further stretch and resolve the issues. The result shows that women are portrayed as subordinate and less important in the textbooks that are being used in schools today, both in text and image. Yet some newer and modern textbooks do not favor women through a gender perspective.

The aim of this paper is to clarify the importance of communication between parents and educators, as well as collaboration. The survey involves cooperation between parents and teachers in preschool and in the survey; it is the educators’ role and approach that is made visible. The issues I answer with the help of the interviewed teachers in the paper are: 

• In what ways considers the interviewed teachers that can create dialogues with parents about children's daily life and activities? 
• How do you describe the interviewed teachers that they interact with parents in preschool and the various forms of collaboration describe the interviewed teachers that they use in preschool?
• What difficulties consider the interviewed teachers may apply when creating dialogues and cooperation with parents in preschool 

Using a qualitative research method, the questions have been answered in the paper.

This work is a qualitative study that aims to create a deeper knowledge regarding teacher's perceptions on gender and gender equality in an intercultural preschool. This study also clarifies whether preschool can counteract the stereotypicaltraditional gender norms andif so, how it iscapable todo that. Based on a social constructivistperspective,in this study I indicate that children constructgender through interaction with othersin different social contexts. Additionally, based on intersectional perspective, I suggest that it is the relationship between various categories such as ethnicity and gender which is detrimental in constructing gender for preschool children. For example, in meeting with other cultures boys may gain more value than girls. The method of the study is based on interviews and observations and for interpretation of the collected data Iused literature and web based documents. The results show that preschool teachers have some degree of awareness when it comes to gender and equality between sexes. In accordance with this study teachers have enough knowledge about the importance of language in communication with children and they show good ability to distinguish what kind of influence language might haveon children's gender making. On the other hand, in pedagogical practical activities, for example in the design of physical environment one can notice some lack of knowledge among preschool teachers when it comes to creation of gender equality between children. Mystudy also indicates that parents from other ethnicities create inequality between children's gender, and preschoolteachers emphasize thatit is their duty to counteract such inequalities via intercultural pedagogy.

The purpose of this study has been to compare teachers' differing methods of teaching mathematics and their perspectives on the learning process in a municipal school to a Waldorf school. The study has examined which approach best promotes student engagement and learning in mathematics in the first three years of schooling. The study is based on four interviews. The informants’ accounts are interpreted using theories from previous research. The study shows that the municipal schools and Waldorf schools use different methods in mathematics teaching. In the public school, the focus is mostly on the students achieving curriculum goals and passing the national tests in the third year of primary school. "Silent counting" and  individualized education” are methods that teachers in the municipal school make use of in mathematics teaching. In the Waldorf school students make their own textbooks, and through longer periods of teaching the teachers are aiming for deeper understanding of mathematics and its relations to the world around. The study favors the approach to teaching used in the Waldorf school in primary schools. It is assumed that students in a Waldorf school masters and have a deeper understanding of mathematics, than students in the municipal school where they work with pre-written math books.

This essay deals with the complexity that I perceive in the collaboration processes between preschool and parents. In the essay I present my interpretation of two self-perceived situations where my experience has been that the cooperation has not worked satisfactorily for either part. As a basis for my conclusions I use different theories and studies within the domain. My own experiences - both from ten years of working in preschool as well as from an eight-year experience of being a parent also comes into use. The purpose of my essay is to investigate how different horizons of understanding can come into collision, and how limitations in our own understanding of the perspectives of others can complicate collaboration between educators and parents.

In the first story I discuss a situation where, in my professional role, I go into a conflict with a parent about how we have chosen to implement some changes. Here I am faced with the fact that my professional role requires me to inform the parent about the work team´s motivation for change. In the second story, I am situated in a private role and I am engaged in a dialogue on how the educational work in preschool might look like and why. Finally, I examine my own actions as a professional worker in preschool - from a parental as well as from a professional perspective - and also the opinions and actions of the two parents that occur in my stories.

This essay aims to investigate how preschool teachers' practical knowledge can be affected in the meeting with the digital system Skolplattformen and how such systems can contribute to reshape the meeting between preschool teachers and children. The essay shows that preschool-children find it difficult to understand the requirement of anonymization in pedagogical documentation in Skolplattformen. Based on this a conflict arises in the work of including children in the creation of pedagogical documentation. Aspects of the meeting between preschool teachers and children relating to participation, ethics and professional judgement may disappear into the periphery when digital systems are fully established and that may contribute to a new norm in the creation of pedagogical documentation in preschools in Sweden. The essay describes the co-research teacher and the reporting teacher as two active, and partly conflicting, approaches for the teacher in the meeting with the digital system.

Den här vetenskapliga essän syftar till att undersöka några förskollärare, barnskötare och rektorers erfarenheter av den kommunala förskoleorganisationen i Stockholm utifrån en tanke om att dagens förskoleorganisation har invaderats av främmande styrsystem från managementvärlden och bilproduktionen, vilket bidrar till vad som här kallas för ”organisatorisk invasion” och ökade ”organisatoriska avstånd”. Utgångspunkten för essän är gestaltade erfarenheter från ett mångårigt arbete som förskollärare i den kommunala förskolan i Stockholm, vilka lett fram till essäns frågor som handlar om vilka erfarenheter, såväl kroppsliga som andra, några barnskötare, förskollärare och rektorer i Stockholm stad har av sin arbetssituation, men även hur de kopplar dem till organisationen de arbetar inom. Jag frågar mig också hur erfarenheterna påverkar deltagarnas möjligheter till att tänka om och utföra sitt arbete. Slutligen undersöker essän eventuella motståndsstrategier i relation till organisatoriska avstånd och organisatorisk invasion. Material till de empiriska inslagen insamlas genom reflekterande intervjusamtal med såväl förskollärare som barnskötare och rektorer och bearbetas genom skrivande av så kallad ”pratpoesi”. Materialet analyseras utifrån ett kroppsfenomenologiskt och ett organisationskritiskt perspektiv och med hjälp av Hannah Arendts teorier om olika former av mänsklig aktivitet. Essän visar att en mängd erfarenheter görs och skapas i relation till organisationen, vilka väcker frågor om ansvar, tänkande och görande i förskolan. Essän visar även hur New Public Management kan förstås som en invasiv främmande art som invaderat den kommunala förskolan och de som bebor den, vilket bland annat erfars av pedagogerna som en kroppslig splittring, här kallad ”hjärtats stress” respektive ”hjärnans stress” och en uppdelning mellan ”de som tänker” och ”de som gör”. Essän skriver slutligen fram motståndsstrategier utifrån det insamlade materialet, samt presenterar möjligheter kring att minska organisatoriska avstånd med hjälp av den praktiska kunskapens teori. 

The essay aims to highlight the newly arrived immigrant students’ experience of social integration and social security in the Swedish school system, which is important for their further language and learning development. This essay aims to see it from the student's perspective. The main question in this essay is: What factors seem to matter the most for the newly arrived immigrant students in their language and learning skills, and what does the students themselves think about the issue? The study is based on a qualitative research method in the form of interviews and observations conducted in a multicultural school for a period of two weeks. Three newly-arrived students are in this essay being observed while they are attending between two different classrooms: the so-called preparation classroom and the ordinary classroom. This essay aims to highlight a newly arrived student's development from a socio-cultural perspective. The results show that the newly arrived students felt more emotionally secure while attending the preparation classrooms, and while attending the ordinary classrooms they felt more inadequate.

This thesis is based upon the assumption that in Swedish school today it is a wide gap regarding the information flow when pupils are switching school. This was one of the reasons Skolverket published a report clearly stating that this is the case. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and describe how teachers are working in a teacher team at transitions to see and understand what their work may mean individually, in a group and to the school as an organisation. The questions at issue is to see how the teachers cooperate during transitions and how they notice students in need of extra support and students level of knowledge during transitions. The two last questions at issue is first to see how teachers approach parent’s expectations on the school and the teachers, secondly it is to examine what implications their work will have on the school. The examined group is a teacher team in an independent school working in grade seven. The school has the grades six to nine. The result was achieved through two qualitative interviews and six qualitative questionnaires in order to describe the informants experience as good as possible. The analysis is based upon two concepts: organisational learning and reflection as a collective process and how these concepts are dependant on the other. The main points of the analysis show how important the teacher team’s work is to both the individual and the organisation’s competence and learning development. It also shows how it helps the pupils to get a smooth transition even though the lack of information teachers has to deal with when the new pupils arrive.

Most people tend to associate the concepts of bullying and abuse between children with something that occurs mainly in school. Research shows the prevalence of abuse and bullying among children already in preschool age with the risk of serious consequences later on. According to the National Agency for Education (Skolverket 2018), the preschool has assignments regarding values-related issues and to establish measures to prevent violations. Our study shows preschool teachers' experience of the phenomenon of abusive treatment and bullying among preschool children. 

Research shows that children who experience bullying are in need of the support of both guardians and professionals so that the difficulties they experience will not follow them later in school age and perhaps even later in life. On the other hand, both previous research and our own study, indicate that guardians often do not know about the preschool's work to counteract abusive treatment. 

The propose of this study is to examine what type of digital tools that are being used in a preschool setting for teaching: speaking, reading and writing. The study also examines how the preschool teachers are experiencing the effects of using digital tools compared to traditional tools sush as books, pens and paper. The study has chosen to examine this by conducting semi stuctured interviews with four diffrent preschool teachers at three diffrent preschools. The result of the study shows that type of tooling differs a lot between the diffrent preschools except for the use of tablets as they were used by everyone. The preschool teachers are positive regarding the effects of using digital tools. Some negative effects are expressed by the interviewees connected to oral motor an fine motor skills of the children. The preschool teachers also express a desire of having standardized methods around how to use digital tools for teaching as this does not exist today. The conclusion of this study is that the use of digital tools is promising for teachers: speaking reading and writing

The purpose of this paper is to juxtapose the theories of learning that are reflected in student’s perspectives of the learning log with that of the pedagogical intentions of the curriculum in order to examine the discrepancy between the experienced and the intentional learning objectives. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section is a literature survey on theories related to the learning log and the curriculum. The second part is constituted by three semi-structured group interviews concerning student´s views on the learning log. An effort is then made to fit the student´s perspective into a theoretical framework to allow comparison with the pedagogical motives contained in the curriculum and its underlying ideas. The interviews indicate that the learning log is used mainly as a means to facilitate individualistic work forms, which is an ill fit with perspective on learning presented within the curriculum. The study is concluded with suggestions for actions that would narrow this gap and free the unused learning potential of the learning log.

Illustrated pictures play an important role as mediators of mathematical concepts and relations in mathematical textbooks used in Swedish primary school classrooms. Theories of the meaning of semiotics for teaching and learning, as well as the Variation theory of learning, are used as a framework to investigate the critical aspects for developing multiplicative reasoning through visual presentations. In this study143 students in 3rd grade (age 9-10) participated in a test where multiplication is represented with illustrations, using both additive and multiplicative groupings. The students were also instructed to draw multiplication expressions with various visual supports. Students’ responses were analyzed by quantifying groupings based on the multiplication expressions students identify, as well as the extend of which they use additive and multiplicative visual representations and support in their own drawings. Results show indications of different properties of multiplication that can be presented in illustrations. How teacher knowledge can be used to identify the critical aspects for learning multiplication is here discussed, leading to suggestions regarding ways is which textbook pictures can be useful tools in teaching and learning.

This study presents a critical discourse-inspired analysis of written rules in Swedish primary schools, with the purpose to identify an image of an ”ideal student”. Swedish schools form local rules and regulations, where each pricipal is responsible for content and form. Therefore, an attempt is here made to find and discuss varations in the rules from different schools. The empirical findings are analysed with help of a theoretical framework based on Michel Foucault’s power theory, Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis and Zygmynt Bauman’s views of ethics, morality and identity.

The findings portray an ideal student who is kind, friendly and helpful to others. Some additional described ”good” behaviors, such as appropiate language and honesty, are here suggested to have cultural and traditional connotations. Variations in descriptions of preferred traits and practices are found in rules from different schools. With inspiration from Foucault and Bauman it is here argued that this can challenge the formation of school norms and student’s values.  

Based on these findings and reflections, I suggest that school rules should represent essential educational and practical requirements and be communicated and formatted with clear purpose and possibilities for understanding and implementation.

The aim of this qualitative study is to examine how educators view their work in language development with multilingual children, and the methods they are using. Additionally, this research investigates which attitudes educators feel that there is in preschools among parents and children about the language multilingual children speak at preschool. The investigation is based on five interviews with educators who all work on different preschools. The study approaches the research questions from the socio-cultural perspective.

Based on the socio-cultural perspective, it is considered that the child learns all the time, in every context, by interaction with others. The learning takes place in the child through multiple steps. First, the child needs the help of a person who is more competent than the child itself in the current activity, so that the child can later move on to perform the task on their own.

The result shows that educators use different strategies and methods when they work on language development with multilingual children. These strategies and methods are: provide security, adapt activities, use repetition and give the children time, use language support and use technical aids. The survey shows that educators, parents and children, are either encouraging or disagree to children speaking their first language at preschool.