Challenges for the New Rurality in a Changing World was the title of the 7th International Conference on Localized Agri-Food Systems. The contributions in this volume are written by conference participants. The themes highlighted relate to four topics. The first topic refers to various aspects of the articulation of the New Rurality and its challenges and opportunities, with a specific focus on the Nordic countries, the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea, and the Eastern European Countries. Also in focus is the role of knowledge in the promotion of rural development and ‘glocal’ links as enablers of opportunities and sources of challenges in relation to entrepreneurship and rural development – in theory and practice in particular Europe and the Americas. The second topic highlights various aspects of territorial governance and localized agri-food systems in particular Europe, North and South America. The third topic relates to the impact of the market on localized agri-food systems, with a special focus on short food chains, public procurement and tourism. The fourth and final topic highlights questions related to the connection between localized agri-food systems and the environment. Special interest was devoted to possible synergies, (organizational) innovations and challenges between localized agri-food systems and environmental benefits, proposing agroecology as a framework for action in the transition from conventional production to more sustainable agro-food production systems.