This article analyses the interplay between policy and practice as concerns the education of Roma in Sweden. First, the article gives a historical background to the present situation and the recognition of Roma as a national minority in the year 2000 describing the various Romani groups that migrated to Sweden during the different historical periods. Second, it offers an overview of the social, economic, and educational situation highlighting the heterogeneity of Roma in the country. Finally, the paper presents a general overview of the educational situation of the Roma giving examples of some good practices and concluding with some remarks and future prospects.