Humanitarianism has been a defining feature of Nordic international engagement since the beginning of the 20th century. Its evolution from individual initiatives to a state-led, institutionalised, and globally recognised tradition reflects both continuity and strategic adaptation. After the end of the Cold War, Nordic humanitarianism adjusted to new geopolitical conditions, while ‘humanitarian interventions’ in places like Somalia and Kosovo challenged traditional Nordic principles of peace and neutrality. Nordic humanitarianism in the 21st century is confronted with challenges such as protracted conflicts, politicisation of aid and increasingly extreme weather events. The Nordic countries continue to uphold their reputation as humanitarian leaders, both through national policies and civil society organisations although not without critique.