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Tracing environmental change and human impact as recorded in sediments from coastal areas of the northwestern Baltic Proper
Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9799-570x
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The eutrophication of the Baltic Sea due to increased anthropogenic nutrient loads during the 20th century is well documented and studied. However, in the Baltic Sea drainage area, humans have affected the environment longer than the environmental monitoring can provide data for. Sediment records from lakes and seas can provide fundamental data on the environmental conditions before ecosystems were impacted by humans and give the range of natural variation.

This thesis presents diatom and geochemistry stratigraphies from five sediment records along the southeast coast of Sweden, northwestern Baltic Proper. These records cover time periods of 500 years to more than 2,000 years. The diatom stratigraphies and geochemical proxies allow for reconstruction of environmental histories at these sites. Overall, the results show that the environmental changes that have occurred in the coastal zone in recent centuries are unprecedented over the last two millennia. The records from the coastal zone show only minor variations in the diatom stratigraphies and nitrogen stable isotope signals through history until recent centuries. The results show no evidence of increased runoff of nutrients from land during medieval times.

Temperature anomalies since 500 CE have had little or no significant effect on the diatom assemblages from the coastal sites, while increased nutrient input from land has had a significant effect. Anthropogenic nutrient runoff has affected the diatom assemblages most markedly during the 20th century. The results show a time lag of the onset of eutrophication of approximately 100 years between the coast and open Baltic Sea, highlighting how the coastal zone acts as a buffer for the open Baltic Sea. The timing for the onset of eutrophication in these coastal areas is site-specific. For several sites, reference conditions prevailed more than 200 years ago. Water transparency at this time allowed for extensive distribution of benthic diatom habitats, such as macrophytes. The years of maximum nutrient load to the Baltic Sea during the 1970s–1980s is recorded in the diatom stratigraphies, especially with regard to the concentration of diatom valves in the sediments. There has been a recovery in diatom absolute abundance since maximum pollution years. However, there is no indication of a recovery in diatom species composition in the investigated coastal sites, and these sites are thus far from reaching a “good environmental status” according to the EU Water Framework Directive. The outcomes of this thesis highlight the importance of a longer time perspective than the environmental monitoring can provide.

Abstract [sv]

Övergödningen av Östersjön under 1900-talet är väldokumenterad och har bland annat resulterat i sämre siktdjup, att cyanobakterieblomningar har blivit mer omfattande och vanligare, utbredd syrebrist i bottenvatten, och en förändrad artsammansättning av många organismgrupper. Systematiskt provtagna mätdata från miljöövervakningen finns bara tillgänglig från 1960–70-talet och därmed vet vi väldigt lite om Östersjöns ekosystem före människans storskaliga påverkan. Sedimentkärnor från sjöar och hav fungerar som ett historiskt arkiv som under årtusenden lagrat information om dåtidens ekosystem. I denna avhandling används bevarade subfossila kiselalger och geokemi för att spåra miljöförändringar längs svenska sydostkusten de senaste tvåtusen åren. Resultat presenteras från fem sedimentkärnor från Östersjökusten, från Stockholms skärgård i norr till Gåsfjärden i söder, längs en sträcka på ca 250 km.

Alla stratigrafier tyder på stabila förhållanden i dessa kustområden under yngre järnålder (500 före vår tideräkning – 1050 efter vår tideräkning (evt)) och medeltid (1050–1500 evt), fram till 1700-talet. Varken förändringar i klimat eller markanvändning har påverkat dessa kustområden i någon större utsträckning tills för några hundra år sedan. Det finns inga tecken på effekter av mänsklig aktivitet som exempelvis jordbruk fram till mer nutida förändringar. Alla undersökningsplatser har påverkats av övergödning under de senaste århundradena. Den exakta starten för ökad näringstillförsel skiljer sig något mellan platserna. De första tecknen på övergödning är från slutet av 1700-talet, och i början av 1800-talet är artsammansättningen av kiselalger redan förändrad. Storskaliga förändringar i markanvändning skedde under 1800-talet och fortsatte in på 1900-talet. Våtmarker och sjöar dikades ut, jordbruk med ängar och traditionell träda av jordbruksmark fasades ut till förmån för vallodling, till det kom konstgödsel i slutet av 1800-talet. Växande städer, industrier och reningsverk är punktkällor som i varierande grad har påverkat dessa kustområden. De första tecknen på övergödning syns ca 100 år tidigare vid kusten än i öppna Östersjön, vilket belyser kustzonens roll som näringsfilter. I öppna Östersjön har både klimatet och näringstillförsel från land påverkat artsammansättningen av kiselalger de senaste 2 000 åren. I kustområdet däremot har de direkta effekterna av klimatet spelat en mindre roll, och artsammansättningen av kiselalger har främst varit påverkad av näringstillförsel från land. Övergödningen har resulterat i ökad pelagisk primärproduktion och därmed lägre siktdjup, vilket har begränsat utbredningen av bottenlevande arter.

I Östersjön finns inga opåverkade områden kvar, och därmed inga referensområden för att definiera referensvärden enligt EUs vattendirektiv. Resultaten som presenteras i denna avhandling visar att i flera av de undersökta kustområdena rådde ett miljötillstånd opåverkat av mänsklig aktivitet för mer än 200 år sedan. Maximal tillförsel av näring till Östersjön skedde under 1960–70-talet, vilket avspeglar sig i koncentrationen av kiselalger i sedimenten, något som kan användas som en proxy för primärproduktion. Lägre koncentrationer av kiselalger i sedimenten de senaste årtiondena indikerar en bättre vattenkvalité. Däremot syns ännu ingen förbättring i artsammansättning av kiselalger som indikerar en tillbakagång till referensvärden. Inte heller syns tecken på någon förbättring vad gäller siktdjup i undersökningsområdena.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, 2020. , p. 181
Series
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations, ISSN 1652-7399 ; 178
Keywords [en]
Baltic Sea, paleoecology, diatom stratigraphy, stable nitrogen isotopes, hypoxia, nutrient discharge, eutrophication, Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Studies; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-42061ISBN: 978-91-89109-29-2 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89109-30-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:sh-42061DiVA, id: diva2:1474284
Public defence
2020-11-06, MA624/via link, Alfred Nobels allé 7, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Part of project
UPPBASER - Understanding Past and Present Baltic Sea Ecosystem Response - background for a sustainable future, The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 34/2013Available from: 2020-10-15 Created: 2020-10-08 Last updated: 2021-01-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Baltic Sea Coastal Eutrophication in a Thousand Year Perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Baltic Sea Coastal Eutrophication in a Thousand Year Perspective
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2019 (English)In: Frontiers in Environmental Science, E-ISSN 2296-665X, Vol. 7, article id 88Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sediment cores from three sites along the east-coast of Sweden, north-western Baltic Proper, have been studied with respect to lithologies, geochemistry and diatom assemblages to trace and date early human impact with emphasis on nutrient discharge. The three sites Bråviken, Himmerfjärden and Ådfjärden, have been impacted to various degree during the last millennia by multiple stressors like excessive nutrient discharge and hazardous substances, leading to coastal hypoxia, eutrophication and pollution. These stressors are mainly caused by drivers in the drainage area as increased human population, changed land use and point sources as industries and a sewage treatment plant. Even though their detailed history differs, the results show similar general patterns for all three sites. We find no evidence in our data from the coastal zone supporting the hypothesis that the extensive areal distribution of hypoxia in the open Baltic Sea during the Medieval Climate Anomaly was caused by human impact. Timing of the onset of man-made eutrophication, as identified from d15N and changes in diatom composition, differs between the three sites, reflecting the site specific geography and local environmental histories of these areas. The onset of eutrophication dates to 1800 CE in Bråviken and Himmerfjärden areas, and to 1900 CE in the less urban area of Ådfjärden. We conclude that the recorded environmental changes during the last centuries are unique in a thousand year perspective.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019
Keywords
diatom stratigraphy, stable nitrogen isotopes, hypoxia, Medieval Climate Anomaly, NW Baltic proper, nutrient discharge
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Studies; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38479 (URN)10.3389/fenvs.2019.00088 (DOI)000471701600001 ()2-s2.0-85068480167 (Scopus ID)1562/3.1.1/2013 (Local ID)1562/3.1.1/2013 (Archive number)1562/3.1.1/2013 (OAI)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 34/2013Stockholm County CouncilThe Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 75/2014
Available from: 2019-06-25 Created: 2019-06-25 Last updated: 2022-03-02Bibliographically approved
2. Signs of early eutrophication in the Stockholm outer archipelago as evident in a 500-year-long sediment record
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Signs of early eutrophication in the Stockholm outer archipelago as evident in a 500-year-long sediment record
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-42042 (URN)
Note

Som manuskript i avhandling. As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2020-10-05 Created: 2020-10-05 Last updated: 2020-10-08Bibliographically approved
3. Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on a coastal environment in the Baltic Sea over the last 1000 years
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on a coastal environment in the Baltic Sea over the last 1000 years
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2018 (English)In: Anthropocene, E-ISSN 2213-3054, Vol. 21, p. 66-79Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Coastal environments have experienced large ecological changes as a result of human activities over the last 100−200 years. To understand the severity and potential consequences of such changes, paleoenvironmental records provide important contextual information. The Baltic Sea coastal zone is naturally a vulnerable system and subject to significant human-induced impacts. To put the recent environmental degradation in the Baltic coastal zone into a long-term perspective, and to assess the natural and anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, we present sedimentary records covering the last 1000 years obtained from a coastal inlet (Gåsfjärden) and a nearby lake (Lake Storsjön) in Sweden. We investigate the links between a pollen-based land cover reconstruction from Lake Storsjön and paleoenvironmental variables from Gåsfjärden itself, including diatom assemblages,organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents, stable C and N isotopic ratios, and biogenic silica contents. The Lake Storsjön record shows that regional land use was characterized by small-scale agricultural activity between 900 and 1400 CE, which slightly intensified between 1400 and 1800 CE. Substantial expansion of cropland was observed between 1800 and 1950 CE, before afforestation between 1950 and 2010 CE. From the Gåsfjärden record, prior to 1800 CE, relatively minor changes in the diatom and geochemical proxies were found. The onset of cultural eutrophication in Gåsfjärden can be traced to the 1800s and intensified land use is identified as the main driver. Anthropogenic activities in the 20th century have caused unprecedented ecosystem changes in the coastal inlet, as reflected in the diatom composition and geochemical proxies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2018
Keywords
land use, eutrophication, mining, hypoxia, coastal area, Baltic Sea
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34716 (URN)10.1016/j.ancene.2018.02.003 (DOI)000429091500006 ()2-s2.0-85043469367 (Scopus ID)1562/3.1.1/2013 (Local ID)1562/3.1.1/2013 (Archive number)1562/3.1.1/2013 (OAI)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 217-2010-126The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 1562/3.1.1/2013The Crafoord FoundationEU, European Research Council, 278364
Note

Funder

Royal Physiographic Society in Lund

Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO Vidi 86405.004)

Available from: 2018-03-05 Created: 2018-03-05 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
4. Exploring paleoecological trends since 500 CE: a comparison between coastal and open Baltic Proper
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring paleoecological trends since 500 CE: a comparison between coastal and open Baltic Proper
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-42043 (URN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, 75/2014
Note

Som manuskript i avhandling. As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2020-10-05 Created: 2020-10-05 Last updated: 2023-07-12Bibliographically approved

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