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Altered non-reproductive behavior and feminization caused by developmental exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol persist to adulthood in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7239-7121
Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3667-3667
Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0856-9707
Södertörn University, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Mathematics Teaching.
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2019 (English)In: Aquatic Toxicology, ISSN 0166-445X, E-ISSN 1879-1514, Vol. 207, p. 142-152Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and commonly detected in sewage effluents, interferes with the endocrine system in multiple ways. Exposure during sensitive windows of development causes persistent effects on fertility, reproductive and non-reproductive behavior in mammals and fish. In the present study, three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were exposed to nominal 0 and 20 ng/L EE2 from fertilization to 7 weeks post-hatch. After 8 months of remediation in clean water three non-reproductive behaviors, not previously analyzed in developmentally EE2-exposed progeny of wild-caught fish, were evaluated. Chemical analysis revealed that the nominal 0 and 20 ng/L exposure contained 5 and 30 ng/L EE2, respectively. Therefore, the use of control fish from previous experiments was necessary for comparisons. Fish exposed during development showed significant concentration-dependent reduction in anxiety-like behavior in the scototaxis (light/dark preference) test by means of shorter latency to first entrance to the white compartment, more visits in white, and longer total time in white compared to unexposed fish. In the novel tank test, developmental exposure significantly increased the number of transitions to the upper half of the aquaria. Exposure to EE2 during development did not alter shoal cohesion in the shoaling test compared with unexposed fish but fish exposed to 30 ng/L EE2 had significantly longer latency to leave the shoal and fewer transitions away from the shoal compared to fish exposed to 5 ng/L EE2. Skewed sex ratio with more females, sex reversal in genetic males as well as intersex in males was observed after exposure to 30, but not 5 ng/L EE2. In conclusion, EE2 exposure during development in three-spined stickleback resulted in persistent effects on anxiety-like behaviors. These long-term effects from developmental exposure are likely to be of higher relevance for natural populations than are short-term effects from adult exposure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019. Vol. 207, p. 142-152
Keywords [en]
Endocrine disruption, 17α-ethinylestradiol, fish, estrogens, developmental exposure, behavior, intersex
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Studies; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34932DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.024ISI: 000457659300016PubMedID: 30572174Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85058462347Local ID: 1556/42/2011OAI: oai:DiVA.org:sh-34932DiVA, id: diva2:1203696
Part of project
Endocrine disruption in fish: Effects on behaviour and reproduction, development af biomarkers and assessment of risk levels in the Baltic Sea, The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies, A065-2011
Note

As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2018-05-04 Created: 2018-05-04 Last updated: 2021-01-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Endocrine disruption in fish: Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure on non-reproductive behavior, fertility and brain and testis transcriptome
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Endocrine disruption in fish: Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure on non-reproductive behavior, fertility and brain and testis transcriptome
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aquatic environments are the end recipient for most anthropogenic chemical pollutants. One common chemical pollutant found in the aquatic environment is 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen used in contraceptive pills. EE2 is found in sewage treatment plant effluents and surface waters in concentrations from non-detectable up to 300 ng/L. EE2 has the ability to bioaccumulate and is more than 10 fold more potent in fish than the natural counterpart estradiol. Exposure has led to skewed sex ratios, decreased egg and sperm production, and altered reproductive behavior.  The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of EE2 exposure on non-reproductive behavior and fertility in fish. We found that zebra fish exposed to low concentrations of EE2 during development showed increased anxiety-like behavior and decreased fertility that were persistent in adulthood, even after a long remediation period in clean water. The altered behavior and lowered fertility were accompanied by alterations in the testis and brain transcriptome of possible significance for the behavior and fertility effects. The zebrafish was also used in adult exposures of EE2 and citalopram, alone and in combination to investigate if behavioral effects can be detected at very low concentrations, and if so, if the two compounds would interact and affect the behavioral outcome. Anxiety-like behavior was altered by EE2 and the two compounds in combination affected the outcome of each other. Further, when developmental exposure of progeny to wild caught three spined stickleback was used as a link between laboratory fish and natural fish populations, EE2 was found to decrease the anxiety-like behavior in the adult stickleback as well as cause ovotestis and intersex, feminization and sex reversal of genetic males. In conclusion, fertility and non-reproductive behaviors in the zebrafish and three spined stickleback are sensitive to EE2 exposure and effects from developmental exposures seem to be persistent.  Fertility and behavior are of high ecological significance for fish and alterations due to EE2 exposure might have negative effects on population fitness. The persistent alterations in the transcriptome of the zebrafish testis and brain lead to generation of hypotheses of mechanisms involved in the behavior and reproductive phenotypes caused by developmental exposure to EE2.

Abstract [sv]

Den akvatiska miljön är ofta särskilt utsatt för miljöföroreningar då de flesta ämnen förr eller senare sprids dit genom bland annat markavrinning, nedfall från luften och/eller från vattenreningsverk. Syntetiskt östrogen som används i p-piller, 17α-etinylestradiol (EE2), sprider sig ofta till vattenmiljön från avloppsvatten, då det bara delvis renas bort i vattenreningsprocessen. EE2 är ett hormonstörande ämne med förmågan att ansamlas i organismer och mer än tio gånger så verksamt i fisk som det naturliga hormonet estradiol (E2). Man har tidigare sett att exponering för EE2 även i de låga halter som påvisas vid vattenreningsverk bland annat har lett till minskade produktion av ägg och spermier samt förändrade parningsbeteenden.

I denna avhandling undersöks effekterna av EE2 på fiskars icke-reproduktiva beteende och fertilitet. Dessa faktorer är av hög ekologisk relevans för fisk då förändringar på dessa kan ge negativa effekter på populationsnivå. Resultaten visar att zebrafisk som exponeras för låga halter av EE2 under utvecklingen uppvisar ett mer ängsligt beteende och har lägre fertilitet när de blir vuxna även efter en lång återhämtningsperiod i rent vatten. Det förändrade beteendet uppvisas även hos avkomman till dessa fiskar.  Förändringarna i beteende och fertilitet åtföljdes av förändringar i hjärnans och testikelvävnadens transkriptom, dvs. förändringar i vilka gener som uttrycks. I zebrafiskens testikelvävnad hittades bland annat en skillnad i uttryck av gener kopplade till könsdifferentiering och utveckling samt spermatogenesen, gener som kan ha betydelse för den nedsatta fertiliteten. I zebrafiskens hjärna hittades ingen skillnad i uttryck på gener direkt kopplade till stressaxeln men däremot på flera andra gener i nätverk som indirekt kan kopplas till det ängsliga beteendet som dygnsrytm och kolesterolsyntes. I naturen exponeras organismer ofta för en blandning av föroreningar. Därför undersöktes också effekter av EE2 i kombination med citalopram, ett antidepressivt läkemedel som ofta påvisas i vattenmiljön, för att undersöka om förändringar i beteende kan påvisas även vid väldigt låga koncentrationer av varje ämne och, om så är fallet, vilka effekter en kombination av de två ämnena ger. Vuxna zebrafiskar uppvisade beteendeförändringar även vid dessa låga koncentrationer efter två veckors exponering och de två ämnena påverkade beteendet olika var för sig och i kombination. Vidare, användes vildfångad storspigg i ett exponeringsexperiment för att undersöka om resultaten från zebrafisken, som är en avlad laboratoriefisk, kan ses också i vilda fiskpopulationer. Även storspiggar som exponerades för EE2 under utveckling fick ett modifierat beteende samt en skev könsfördelning som vuxna: fler honor fanns hos de storspiggar som exponerats och vidare undersökningar visade att dessa var genetiska hanar som utvecklats som honor.

Den här avhandlingen visar beständiga förändringar i zebrafiskens transkriptom i hjärna och testikelvävnad efter exponering för EE2 i låga halter under utveckling. Både icke-reproduktiva beteenden och fertilitet visade sig känsliga för EE2 i såväl zebrafisk som storspigg och effekterna verkar vara permanenta. Sammanfattningsvis har EE2 effekter på ekologiskt relevanta faktorer hos fisk i de halter som förekommer i vattenmiljön och hormonstörande föroreningar som EE2 kan ge långvariga effekter som syns senare i livet även vid låga koncentrationer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, 2018. p. 165
Series
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations, ISSN 1652-7399 ; 155
Keywords
17α-ethinylestradiol, endocrine disrupting chemical, fish, behavior, fertility, transcriptome, RNA sequencing
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Studies; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-34913 (URN)978-91-88663-43-6 (ISBN)978-91-88663-44-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-06-01, MA624, Alfred Nobels allé 7, Huddinge, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Available from: 2018-05-08 Created: 2018-04-30 Last updated: 2018-05-08Bibliographically approved

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Porseryd, ToveLarsson, JosefineKellner, MartinBollner, TomasDinnétz, PatrikPorsch Hällström, Inger

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