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Energy Efficiency in buildings in the Baltic states and the Nordic countries
Södertörn University, School of Social Sciences, Economics. Södertörn University, Centre for Baltic and East European Studies (CBEES), Baltic & East European Graduate School (BEEGS).ORCID iD: 0009-0002-3678-0275
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Energieffektivisering i byggnader i de  baltiska staterna och nordiska länderna (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Improving energy efficiency in buildings is widely viewed as a cost-effective way of achieving climate and energy goals. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) aims to enhance the energy performance of new buildings and increase the renovation rate of energy-inefficient older buildings in the European Union. This study evaluates the effects of regulatory instruments on actual energy savings in countries across the Baltic Sea region, with a focus on residential buildings in Sweden and Lithuania. Specifically, Paper [I] estimates the effects of building codes on energy savings for newly constructed multi-apartment buildings in Sweden. Paper [II] evaluates the effects of retrofit programmes on realized dynamic energy savings for old Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings in Lithuania. Connecting with Paper [II], Paper [III] measures the energy performance gap—the discrepancy between actual energy savings and engineer-predicted savings for multi-apartment buildings in Lithuania. In Paper [IV], the focus turns from energy efficiency to inflation issues. Given the recent developments of high inflation and energy prices, the paper explores the relationship between energy price inflation and inflation expectations in Sweden. 

Abstract [sv]

Paper [I] undersöker effekten av krav på energiprestanda i byggnormerna på energieffektiviteten i svenska flerbostadshus. Resultaten, som baseras på specifika användningsdata från energiprestandacertifikat (EPCs), tyder på att implementering av prestationsbaserad reglering resulterar i en 13,5-procentig ökning av energieffektiviteten över en generell trend på 1,69% per år för byggnader med fjärrvärme och en 10,1-procentig ökning över en trend på 0,40% för de med elvärme. De skärpta byggreglerna visar dock inte på starka effekter för att ytterligare öka energieffektiviteten. Effekten av byggregler är blygsam för byggnader med bättre energiprestanda men mer betydande för byggnader där den faktiska energianvändningen överstiger de erforderliga nivåerna. Vidare indikerar en strukturell analys betydligt större effektivitetsökning under perioden med prestationsbaserad reglering än tidigare. Utöver regleringseffekterna indikerar resultaten empiriska bevis på energieffektivitetsgapet. Den uppskattade energianvändningen från tekniska modeller är väsentligt lägre än den uppmätta energianvändningen för jämförbart byggande. Paper [II] uppskattar effekterna av ombyggnadsprogram av den gamla sovjettidens flerlägenhetsbyggnader i Litauen på realiserade dynamiska energibesparingar genom att analysera månatliga energiräkningar. Studien använder en kvasi-experimentell forskningsdesign för att bedöma orsakseffekten av ombyggnad på energibesparingar. Resultaten tyder på att ombyggnader är förknippade med en minskning på 50% till 59% av den genomsnittliga uppvärmningsförbrukningen under olika perioder efter renovering. Dessutom har ombyggnader också en kortlivad effekt på elbesparingen på 3% till 3,6%. Givet de genomsnittliga uppvärmningspriserna i undersökningsurvalet tyder dock kostnads-nyttoberäkningarna på att energibesparingarna inte var tillräckligt stora för att täcka de initiala investeringskostnaderna. Paper [III] bedömer energiprestandagapet – skillnaden mellan realiserade och beräknade energibesparingar som gjorts av ingenjörer. Resultaten visar att de förväntade besparingarna i genomsnitt realiseras fullt ut efter ett renoveringsprogram av flerbostadshus i Litauen. Uppsatsen utforskar också de bestämningsfaktorer som förväntas förklara skillnader i energiprestandagapet mellan olika renoverade byggnader. Resultaten tyder på att byggnader med flera lägenheter som förvaltas av utlokaliserade specialiserade bostadsförvaltningsbolag tenderar att realisera högre energibesparingar efter renoveringar än byggnader som förvaltas av gemenskaper av lägenhetsägare. Jämfört med renoverade byggnader som uppnår den lägsta erforderliga energiklassen C, tenderar dessutom prestandagapet att vara större för de byggnader som är inriktade på en högre energiklass A eller B. Paper [IV] utforskar de marginella effekterna av energiprisinflation på olika inflationsförväntningar i Sverige. De tidsinvarianta marginaleffekterna är rimligt små. Den flexibla maskininlärningsmetoden för kärnbaserade KRLS-uppskattningar indikerar dock signifikanta tidsvarierande mönster i marginaleffekterna. Marginaleffekterna är mycket volatila under den senaste tidens höga energiprisinflation. Ändå tenderar volatiliteten att vara lägre och marginaleffekterna minskar till runt 0 i slutet av urvalsperioden. Bland alla potentiella ekonomiska faktorer kan energiprisinflationen systematiskt förklara variationerna i marginaleffekterna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Huddinge: Södertörns högskola, 2024. , p. 151
Series
Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations, ISSN 1652-7399 ; 225
Keywords [en]
energy efficiency, building regulation, multi-apartment buildings, retrofit, energy performance gap, housing management, energy price inflation, inflation expectations
Keywords [sv]
energieffektivitet, byggreglering, flerbostadshus, renovering, energiprestandagap, bostadsförvaltning, energiprisinflation, inflationsförväntningar
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Politics, Economy and the Organization of Society; Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-53539ISBN: 978-91-89504-68-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-89504-69-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:sh-53539DiVA, id: diva2:1837506
Public defence
2024-03-15, MA648, Alfred Nobels allé 7, Huddinge, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European StudiesAvailable from: 2024-02-21 Created: 2024-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Impact of building regulations on energy efficiency: Evidence from energy use in Swedish multi-apartment buildings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of building regulations on energy efficiency: Evidence from energy use in Swedish multi-apartment buildings
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
building regulation, energy efficiency, energy performance certificates (EPCs), multi-apartment buildings
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-53529 (URN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Note

As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2024-02-13 Created: 2024-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
2. Realized dynamic effect of retrofits on energy consumption in Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Realized dynamic effect of retrofits on energy consumption in Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings
2024 (English)In: Energy Economics, ISSN 0140-9883, E-ISSN 1873-6181, Vol. 134, article id 107563Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Retrofit programs for old and highly energy-inefficient housing stock from the Soviet era are widely believed to offer a rare win-win opportunity for mitigating climate change and addressing acute energy poverty issues in Eastern European urban neighborhoods. However, despite government subsidies and a push for greater energy efficiency, many people do not undertake retrofits. This raises the question: do these retrofits truly deliver the promised returns? This paper aims to examine the effects of retrofit programs on old Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings' realized dynamic energy savings in Lithuania by analyzing monthly energy bills. Our findings suggest that retrofits are associated with a 50% to 59% reduction in average space heating consumption across various post-retrofit periods. Additionally, retrofits have a short-term effect on electricity savings of 3% to 3.6%. However, our cost-benefit analysis indicates that the energy savings were not sufficiently large to cover the initial investment costs. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
electricity, energy efficiency, multi-apartment buildings, retrofit, space heating
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-53530 (URN)10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107563 (DOI)001233946000001 ()2-s2.0-85190987570 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Available from: 2024-02-13 Created: 2024-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
3. The energy performance gap and its determinants in Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The energy performance gap and its determinants in Soviet-era multi-apartment buildings
2025 (English)In: Baltic Journal of Economics, ISSN 1406-099X, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 21-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Deep renovation, is seen as crucial in dealing with energy security and meeting climate targets, especially in post-Soviet countries with notoriously energy-inefficient residential housing stock. One critical question is whether these retrofits can achieve the energy savings promised by the engineering model. This paper assesses the energy performance gap–the discrepancy between realized energy savings and the predictions of engineers at the building level. In contrast to previous studies, we find that, on average, the predicted savings are fully realized for a retrofit programme of multi-apartment buildings in Lithuania. Among other factors, we consider how the differences in the energy performance gap for each building can be explained by energy efficiency measures, targeted energy class, and the type of multi-apartment building management. Interestingly, we find that multi-apartment buildings managed by outsourced specialized housing management companies tend to realize higher energy savings than buildings managed by communities of apartment owners.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2025
Keywords
energy performance gap, multi-apartment buildings, retrofit, space heating, housing management
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-53531 (URN)10.1080/1406099X.2025.2455821 (DOI)001418200900001 ()2-s2.0-85217781382 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Note

As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2024-02-13 Created: 2024-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved
4. Time-varying nexus of Swedish energy price inflation and inflation expectations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Time-varying nexus of Swedish energy price inflation and inflation expectations
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Keywords
energy price inflation, inflation expectations, marginal responses, time-varying, kernel-based regularized least squares, pointwise effects
National Category
Economics
Research subject
Baltic and East European studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-53533 (URN)
Funder
The Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies
Note

As manuscript in dissertation.

Available from: 2024-02-13 Created: 2024-02-13 Last updated: 2025-05-09Bibliographically approved

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Li, Xiaoying

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